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本章我们要制作⼀个俄罗斯方块游戏。
译注:称呼:方块是由四个小方格组成的
俄罗斯方块游戏是世界上最流行的游戏之⼀。是由⼀名叫Alexey Pajitnov的俄罗斯程序员在1985年制作的,从那时起,这个游戏就风靡了各个游戏平台。 俄罗斯⽅块归类为下落块迷宫游戏。游戏有7个基本形状:S、Z、T、L、反向L、 直线、⽅块,每个形状都由4个方块组成,方块最终都会落到屏幕底部。所以玩家 通过控制形状的左右位置和旋转,让每个形状都以合适的位置落下,如果有⼀行全部被方块填充,这行就会消失,并且得分。游戏结束的条件是有形状接触到了屏幕 顶部。
方块展示:
PyQt5是专为创建图形界面产⽣的,⾥⾯⼀些专⻔为制作游戏⽽开发的组件,所 以PyQt5是能制作小游戏的。
- from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
- from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
- from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
- import sys, random
-
- class Tetris(QMainWindow):
- def __init__(self):
- super().__init__()
- self.initUI()
- def initUI(self):
- # '''initiates application UI'''
- self.tboard = Board(self)
- self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
- self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
- self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
- self.tboard.start()
- self.resize(300, 500)
- self.center()
- self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
- self.show()
- def center(self):
- # '''centers the window on the screen'''
- screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
- size = self.geometry()
- self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2, (screen.height()-size.height())/2)
- class Board(QFrame):
- msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
- BoardWidth = 10
- BoardHeight = 22
- Speed = 300
- def __init__(self, parent):
- super().__init__(parent)
- self.initBoard()
- def initBoard(self):
- # '''initiates board'''
- self.timer = QBasicTimer()
- self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
- self.curX = 0
- self.curY = 0
- self.numLinesRemoved = 0
- self.board = []
- self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
- self.isStarted = False
- self.isPaused = False
- self.clearBoard()
- def shapeAt(self, x, y):
- # '''determines shape at the board position'''
- return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
- def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
- # '''sets a shape at the board'''
- self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
- def squareWidth(self):
- # '''returns the width of one square'''
- return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
- def squareHeight(self):
- # '''returns the height of one square'''
- return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
- def start(self):
- # '''starts game'''
- if self.isPaused:
- return
- self.isStarted = True
- self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
- self.numLinesRemoved = 0
- self.clearBoard()
- self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
- self.newPiece()
- self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
- def pause(self):
- # '''pauses game'''
- if not self.isStarted:
- return
- self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
- if self.isPaused:
- self.timer.stop()
- self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
- else:
- self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
- self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
- self.update()
- def paintEvent(self, event):
- # '''paints all shapes of the game'''
- painter = QPainter(self)
- rect = self.contentsRect()
- boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
- for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
- for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
- shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
- if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
- self.drawSquare(painter,
- rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
- boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
- if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
- for i in range(4):
- x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
- y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
- self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
- boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
- self.curPiece.shape())
- def keyPressEvent(self, event):
- # '''processes key press events'''
- if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
- super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
- return
- key = event.key()
- if key == Qt.Key_P:
- self.pause()
- return
- if self.isPaused:
- return
- elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
- self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
- elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
- self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
- elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
- self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
- elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
- self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
- elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
- self.dropDown()
- elif key == Qt.Key_D:
- self.oneLineDown()
- else:
- super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
- def timerEvent(self, event):
- # '''handles timer event'''
- if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
- if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
- self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
- self.newPiece()
- else:
- self.oneLineDown()
- else:
- super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
- def clearBoard(self):
- # '''clears shapes from the board'''
- for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
- self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
- def dropDown(self):
- # '''drops down a shape'''
- newY = self.curY
- while newY > 0:
- if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
- break
- newY -= 1
- self.pieceDropped()
- def oneLineDown(self):
- # '''goes one line down with a shape'''
- if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
- self.pieceDropped()
- def pieceDropped(self):
- # '''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''
- for i in range(4):
- x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
- y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
- self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())
- self.removeFullLines()
- if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
- self.newPiece()
- def removeFullLines(self):
- # '''removes all full lines from the board'''
- numFullLines = 0
- rowsToRemove = []
- for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
- n = 0
- for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
- if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
- n = n + 1
- if n == 10:
- rowsToRemove.append(i)
- rowsToRemove.reverse()
- for m in rowsToRemove:
- for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
- for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
- self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
- numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
- if numFullLines > 0:
- self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
- self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
- self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
- self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
- self.update()
- def newPiece(self):
- # '''creates a new shape'''
- self.curPiece = Shape()
- self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
- self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
- self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
- if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
- self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
- self.timer.stop()
- self.isStarted = False
- self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
- def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
- # '''tries to move a shape'''
- for i in range(4):
- x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
- y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
- if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
- return False
- if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
- return False
- self.curPiece = newPiece
- self.curX = newX
- self.curY = newY
- self.update()
- return True
- def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
- # '''draws a square of a shape'''
- colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
- 0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]
- color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
- painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2, self.squareHeight() - 2, color)
- painter.setPen(color.lighter())
- painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
- painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)
- painter.setPen(color.darker())
- painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
- x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() -1)
-
- painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
- y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y +1)
- class Tetrominoe(object):
- NoShape = 0
- ZShape = 1
- SShape = 2
- LineShape = 3
- TShape = 4
- SquareShape = 5
- LShape = 6
- MirroredLShape = 7
- class Shape(object):
- coordsTable = (
- ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
- ((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
- ((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
- ((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
- ((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
- ((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
- ((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
- ((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
- )
- def __init__(self):
- self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
- self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape
- self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
- def shape(self):
- # '''returns shape'''
- return self.pieceShape
- def setShape(self, shape):
- # '''sets a shape'''
- table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
- for i in range(4):
- for j in range(2):
- self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
- self.pieceShape = shape
- def setRandomShape(self):
- # '''chooses a random shape'''
- self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))
- def x(self, index):
- # '''returns x coordinate'''
- return self.coords[index][0]
- def y(self, index):
- # '''returns y coordinate'''
- return self.coords[index][1]
- def setX(self, index, x):
- # '''sets x coordinate'''
- self.coords[index][0] = x
- def setY(self, index, y):
- # '''sets y coordinate'''
- self.coords[index][1] = y
- def minX(self):
- # '''returns min x value'''
- m = self.coords[0][0]
- for i in range(4):
- m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
- return m
- def maxX(self):
- # '''returns max x value'''
- m = self.coords[0][0]
- for i in range(4):
- m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
- return m
- def minY(self):
- # '''returns min y value'''
- m = self.coords[0][1]
- for i in range(4):
- m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
- return m
- def maxY(self):
- # '''returns max y value'''
- m = self.coords[0][1]
- for i in range(4):
- m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
- return m
- def rotateLeft(self):
- # '''rotates shape to the left'''
- if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
- return self
- result = Shape()
- result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
- for i in range(4):
- result.setX(i, self.y(i))
- result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
- return result
- def rotateRight(self):
- # '''rotates shape to the right'''
- if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
- return self
- result = Shape()
- result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
- for i in range(4):
- result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
- result.setY(i, self.x(i))
-
- return result
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- app = QApplication([])
- tetris = Tetris()
- sys.exit(app.exec_())
游戏很简单,所以也就很好理解。程序加载之后游戏也就直接开始了,可以用P键暂停游戏,空格键让方块直接落到最下面。游戏的速度是固定的,并没有实现加速的功能。分数就是游戏中消除的行数。
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
创建了⼀个Board类的实例,并设置为应用的中心组件。
self.statusbar = self.statusBar() self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage
创建⼀个 statusbar 来显示三种信息:消除的行数,游戏暂停状态或者游戏结束状态。 msg2Statusbar 是⼀个自定义的信号,用在(和)Board类(交 互), showMessage() 方法是⼀个内建的,用来在statusbar上显示信息的方法。
self.tboard.start()
初始化游戏:
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
...
创建了⼀个自定义信号 msg2Statusbar ,当我们想往 statusbar 里显示信息的时 候,发出这个信号就行了。
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
这些是 Board 类的变量。 BoardWidth 和 BoardHeight 分别是board的宽度和高度。 Speed 是游戏的速度,每300ms出现⼀个新的方块。
...
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
...
在 initBoard()里初始化了⼀些重要的变量。 self.board 定义了方块的形状和位 置,取值范围是0-7。
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
shapeAt() 决定了board里方块的的种类。
def squareWidth(self):
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
board的大小可以动态的改变。所以方格的大小也应该随之变化。 squareWidth() 计算并返回每个块应该占用多少像素--也即 Board.BoardWidth 。
def pause(self): # '''pauses game''' if not self.isStarted: return self.isPaused = not self.isPaused if self.isPaused: self.timer.stop() self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused") else: self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self) self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.update()
pause() 方法⽤来暂停游戏,停止计时并在 statusbar 上显示⼀条信息。
'''
def paintEvent(self, event): # '''paints all shapes of the game''' painter = QPainter(self) rect = self.contentsRect()
'''
渲染是在paintEvent()f 法里发生的 QPainter 负责PyQt5里所有低级绘画操作。
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape: self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
渲染游戏分为两步。第⼀步是先画出所有已经落在最下面的的图,这些保存 在 self.board ⾥。可以使用 shapeAt() 查看这个这个变量。
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape: for i in range(4): x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), self.curPiece.shape())
第⼆步是画出更在下落的方块。
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
在 keyPressEvent() 方法获得用户按下的按键。如果按下的是右方键,就尝试把方块向右移动,说尝试是因为有可能到边界不能移动了。
elif key == Qt.Key_Up: 上⽅向键是把⽅块向左旋转⼀下
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
空格键会直接把方块放到底部
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
D键是加速⼀次下落速度。
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): # '''tries to move a shape''' for i in range(4): x = newX + newPiece.x(i) y = newY - newPiece.y(i) if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight: return False if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape: return False self.curPiece = newPiece self.curX = newX self.curY = newY self.update()
tryMove() 是尝试移动方块的方法。如果方块已经到达board的边缘或者遇到了其他方块,就返回False。否则就把方块下落到想要位置。
def timerEvent(self, event): # '''handles timer event''' if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId(): if self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.newPiece() else: self.oneLineDown() else: super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
在计时器事件里,要么是等⼀个方块下落完之后创建⼀个新的方块,要么是让⼀个方块直接落到底(move a falling piece one line down)。
def clearBoard(self):
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
clearBoard( )方法通过 Tetrominoe.NoShape 清空 broad 。
'''
def removeFullLines(self): # '''removes all full lines from the board''' numFullLines = 0 rowsToRemove = [] for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): n = 0 for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape: n = n + 1 if n == 10: rowsToRemove.append(i) rowsToRemove.reverse() for m in rowsToRemove: for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1)) numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
'''
如果f 块碰到了底部,就调用 removeFullLines() 方法,找到所有能消除的行消除它们。消除的具体动作就是把符合条件的行消除掉之后,再把它上面的行下降⼀行。注意移除满行的动作是倒着来的,因为我们是按照重力来表现游戏的,如果不这样就有可能出现有些方块浮在空中的现象。
def newPiece(self): # '''creates a new shape''' self.curPiece = Shape() self.curPiece.setRandomShape() self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1 self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY() if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) self.timer.stop() self.isStarted = False self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
newPiece() 方法是用来创建形状随机的方块。如果随机的方块不能正确的出现在预设的位置,游戏结束。
class Tetrominoe(object): NoShape = 0 ZShape = 1 SShape = 2 LineShape = 3 TShape = 4 SquareShape = 5 LShape = 6 MirroredLShape = 7
Tetrominoe 类保存了所有方块的形状。我们还定义了⼀个 NoShape 的空形状。 Shape类保存类方块内部的信息。
'''
class Shape(object): coordsTable = ( ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)), ((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)), ((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)), ((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)) )
'''
coordsTable元组保存了所有的f 块形状的组成。是⼀个构成f 块的坐标模版。
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
上面创建了⼀个新的空坐标数组,这个数组将来用保存方块的坐标。 坐标系示意图:
上面的图片可以帮助我们更好的理解坐标值的意义。比如元组 (0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1) 代表了⼀个Z形状的方块。这个图表就描绘了这个形状。
def rotateLeft(self): # '''rotates shape to the left''' if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape: return self result = Shape() result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, self.y(i)) result.setY(i, -self.x(i)) return result def rotateRight(self): # '''rotates shape to the right''' if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape: return self result = Shape() result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, -self.y(i)) result.setY(i, self.x(i)) return result
rotateLeft()方法向右旋转⼀个方块。正方形的方块就没必要旋转,就直接返回 了。其他的是返回⼀个新的,能表示这个形状旋转了的坐标。
程序展示:
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