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CASE
计算条件列表并返回多个可能结果表达式之一。
CASE 具有两种格式:
简单 CASE 函数将某个表达式与一组简单表达式进行比较以确定结果。
CASE 搜索函数计算一组布尔表达式以确定结果。
两种格式都支持可选的 ELSE 参数。
语法
简单 CASE 函数:
CASE input_expression
WHEN when_expression THEN result_expression
[ ...n ]
[
ELSE else_result_expression
END
CASE 搜索函数:
CASE
WHEN Boolean_expression THEN result_expression
[ ...n ]
[
ELSE else_result_expression
END
参数
input_expression
是使用简单 CASE 格式时所计算的表达式。Input_expression 是任何有效的 Microsoft® SQL Server™ 表达式。
WHEN when_expression
使用简单 CASE 格式时 input_expression 所比较的简单表达式。When_expression 是任意有效的 SQL Server 表达式。Input_expression 和每个 when_expression 的数据类型必须相同,或者是隐性转换。
n
占位符,表明可以使用多个 WHEN when_expression THEN result_expression 子句或 WHEN Boolean_expression THEN result_expression 子句。
THEN result_expression
当 input_expression = when_expression 取值为 TRUE,或者 Boolean_expression 取值为 TRUE 时返回的表达式。result expression 是任意有效的 SQL Server 表达式。
ELSE else_result_expression
当比较运算取值不为 TRUE 时返回的表达式。如果省略此参数并且比较运算取值不为 TRUE,CASE 将返回 NULL 值。Else_result_expression 是任意有效的 SQL Server 表达式。Else_result_expression 和所有 result_expression 的数据类型必须相同,或者必须是隐性转换。
WHEN Boolean_expression
使用 CASE 搜索格式时所计算的布尔表达式。Boolean_expression 是任意有效的布尔表达式。
结果类型
从 result_expressions 和可选 else_result_expression 的类型集合中返回最高的优先规则类型。有关更多信息,请参见数据类型的优先顺序。
结果值
简单 CASE 函数:
计算 input_expression,然后按指定顺序对每个 WHEN 子句的 input_expression = when_expression 进行计算。
返回第一个取值为 TRUE 的 (input_expression = when_expression) 的 result_expression。
如果没有取值为 TRUE 的 input_expression = when_expression,则当指定 ELSE 子句时 SQL Server 将返回 else_result_expression;若没有指定 ELSE 子句,则返回 NULL 值。
CASE 搜索函数:
按指定顺序为每个 WHEN 子句的 Boolean_expression 求值。
返回第一个取值为 TRUE 的 Boolean_expression 的 result_expression。
如果没有取值为 TRUE 的 Boolean_expression,则当指定 ELSE 子句时 SQL Server 将返回 else_result_expression;若没有指定 ELSE 子句,则返回 NULL 值。
示例
A. 使用带有简单 CASE 函数的 SELECT 语句
在 SELECT 语句中,简单 CASE 函数仅检查是否相等,而不进行其它比较。下面的示例使用 CASE 函数更改图书分类显示,以使其更易于理解。
USE pubs GO SELECT Category = CASE type WHEN 'popular_comp' THEN 'Popular Computing' WHEN 'mod_cook' THEN 'Modern Cooking' WHEN 'business' THEN 'Business' WHEN 'psychology' THEN 'Psychology' WHEN 'trad_cook' THEN 'Traditional Cooking' ELSE 'Not yet categorized' END, CAST(title AS varchar(25)) AS 'Shortened Title', price AS Price FROM titles WHERE price IS NOT NULL ORDER BY type, price COMPUTE AVG(price) BY type GO |
注释,后来我试了一下不让用category=
我的代码是
SELECT
case gender
WHEN 1 THEN 'NAN'
WHEN 0 THEN 'NV'
end as gender
FROM
t_swidy_day_nutrient
下面是结果集:
Category Shortened Title Price ------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------- Business You Can Combat Computer S 2.99 Business Cooking with Computers: S 11.95 Business The Busy Executive's Data 19.99 Business Straight Talk About Compu 19.99 avg ========================== 13.73 Category Shortened Title Price ------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------- Modern Cooking The Gourmet Microwave 2.99 Modern Cooking Silicon Valley Gastronomi 19.99 avg ========================== 11.49 Category Shortened Title Price ------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------- Popular Computing Secrets of Silicon Valley 20.00 Popular Computing But Is It User Friendly? 22.95 avg ========================== 21.48 Category Shortened Title Price ------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------- Psychology Life Without Fear 7.00 Psychology Emotional Security: A New 7.99 Psychology Is Anger the Enemy? 10.95 Psychology Prolonged Data Deprivatio 19.99 Psychology Computer Phobic AND Non-P 21.59 avg ========================== 13.50 Category Shortened Title Price ------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------- Traditional Cooking Fifty Years in Buckingham 11.95 Traditional Cooking Sushi, Anyone? 14.99 Traditional Cooking Onions, Leeks, and Garlic 20.95 avg ========================== 15.96 (21 row(s) affected) |
B. 使用带有简单 CASE 函数和 CASE 搜索函数的 SELECT 语句
在 SELECT 语句中,CASE 搜索函数允许根据比较值在结果集内对值进行替换。下面的示例根据图书的价格范围将价格(money 列)显示为文本注释。
USE pubs GO SELECT 'Price Category' = CASE WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Not yet priced' WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Very Reasonable Title' WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN 'Coffee Table Title' ELSE 'Expensive book!' END, CAST(title AS varchar(20)) AS 'Shortened Title' FROM titles ORDER BY price GO |
下面是结果集:
Price Category Shortened Title --------------------- -------------------- Not yet priced Net Etiquette Not yet priced The Psychology of Co Very Reasonable Title The Gourmet Microwav Very Reasonable Title You Can Combat Compu Very Reasonable Title Life Without Fear Very Reasonable Title Emotional Security: Coffee Table Title Is Anger the Enemy? Coffee Table Title Cooking with Compute Coffee Table Title Fifty Years in Bucki Coffee Table Title Sushi, Anyone? Coffee Table Title Prolonged Data Depri Coffee Table Title Silicon Valley Gastr Coffee Table Title Straight Talk About Coffee Table Title The Busy Executive's Expensive book! Secrets of Silicon V Expensive book! Onions, Leeks, and G Expensive book! Computer Phobic And Expensive book! But Is It User Frien (18 row(s) affected) |
C. 使用带有 SUBSTRING 和 SELECT 的 CASE 函数
下面的示例使用 CASE 和 THEN 生成一个有关作者、图书标识号和每个作者所著图书类型的列表。
USE pubs SELECT SUBSTRING((RTRIM(a.au_fname) + ' '+ RTRIM(a.au_lname) + ' '), 1, 25) AS Name, a.au_id, ta.title_id, Type = CASE WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'BU' THEN 'Business' WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'MC' THEN 'Modern Cooking' WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'PC' THEN 'Popular Computing' WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'PS' THEN 'Psychology' WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'TC' THEN 'Traditional Cooking' END FROM titleauthor ta JOIN authors a ON ta.au_id = a.au_id |
下面是结果集:
Name au_id title_id Type ------------------------- ----------- -------- ------------------- Johnson White 172-32-1176 PS3333 Psychology Marjorie Green 213-46-8915 BU1032 Business Marjorie Green 213-46-8915 BU2075 Business Cheryl Carson 238-95-7766 PC1035 Popular Computing Michael O'Leary 267-41-2394 BU1111 Business Michael O'Leary 267-41-2394 TC7777 Traditional Cooking Dean Straight 274-80-9391 BU7832 Business Abraham Bennet 409-56-7008 BU1032 Business Ann Dull 427-17-2319 PC8888 Popular Computing Burt Gringlesby 472-27-2349 TC7777 Traditional Cooking Charlene Locksley 486-29-1786 PC9999 Popular Computing Charlene Locksley 486-29-1786 PS7777 Psychology Reginald Blotchet-Halls 648-92-1872 TC4203 Traditional Cooking Akiko Yokomoto 672-71-3249 TC7777 Traditional Cooking Innes del Castillo 712-45-1867 MC2222 Modern Cooking Michel DeFrance 722-51-5454 MC3021 Modern Cooking Stearns MacFeather 724-80-9391 BU1111 Business Stearns MacFeather 724-80-9391 PS1372 Psychology Livia Karsen 756-30-7391 PS1372 Psychology Sylvia Panteley 807-91-6654 TC3218 Traditional Cooking Sheryl Hunter 846-92-7186 PC8888 Popular Computing Anne Ringer 899-46-2035 MC3021 Modern Cooking Anne Ringer 899-46-2035 PS2091 Psychology Albert Ringer 998-72-3567 PS2091 Psychology Albert Ringer 998-72-3567 PS2106 Psychology (25 row(s) affected) |
CASE 可能是 SQL 中被误用最多的关键字之一。虽然你可能以前用过这个关键字来创建字段,但是它还具有更多用法。例如,你可以在 WHERE 子句中使用 CASE。
首先让我们看一下 CASE 的语法。在一般的 SELECT 中,其语法如下:
SELECT <myColumnSpec> = CASE WHEN <A> THEN <somethingA> WHEN <B> THEN <somethingB> ELSE <somethingE> END |
在上面的代码中需要用具体的参数代替尖括号中的内容。下面是一个简单的例子:
USE pubs GO SELECT Title, 'Price Range' = CASE WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced' WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain' WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average' ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives' END FROM titles ORDER BY price GO |
这是 CASE 的典型用法,但是使用 CASE 其实可以做更多的事情。比方说下面的 GROUP BY 子句中的 CASE:
SELECT 'Number of Titles', Count(*) FROM titles GROUP BY CASE WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced' WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain' WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average' ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives' END GO |
你甚至还可以组合这些选项,添加一个 ORDER BY 子句,如下所示:
USE pubs GO SELECT CASE WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced' WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain' WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average' ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives' END AS Range, Title FROM titles GROUP BY CASE WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced' WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain' WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average' ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives' END, Title ORDER BY CASE WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced' WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain' WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average' ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives' END, Title GO |
注意,为了在 GROUP BY 块中使用 CASE,查询语句需要在 GROUP BY 块中重复 SELECT 块中的 CASE 块。
除了选择自定义字段之外,在很多情况下 CASE 都非常有用。再深入一步,你还可以得到你以前认为不可能得到的分组排序结果集。
需要注意的是,假如表中没有数据记录,并且在查询中又指明表名,则无论case when 后有没有else ,都返回null
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