python用turtle绘图库做科学绘图工具_turtle 画科技图

作者：2023面试高手 | 2024-03-13 19:17:45

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turtle 画科技图

turtle绘图库做科学绘图工具

前言
开始
附录A：如何使用：
附录B：更方便的matplotlib如何使用：
- - - - 作者

前言

plotter绘制matplotlib风格图
plotter绘制plotter风格图

这个项目还是有一点小瑕疵的，那就是总是超出那么一点来和没有加入圆滑处理

开始

献上代码

import turtle as t
t.colormode(255)
t.speed(0)
t.delay(0)
def _draw_axis(op,xlab,ylab,p):
    t.hideturtle()
    xsize = max([i[0] for i in p]) + abs(min([i[0] for i in p]))
    ysize = max([i[1] for i in p]) + abs(min([i[1] for i in p]))
    canv = t.getcanvas()
    w,h = canv.winfo_width() - 30,canv.winfo_height() - 30
    if(op == 2):
        xfac = w / 2 / xsize
        yfac = h / 2 / ysize
        t.penup()
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.pendown()
        t.pensize(5)
        t.goto(0,h / 2 - 10)
        t.goto(0,-h / 2 + 10)
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.goto(w / 2 - 10,0)
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10,0)
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.pensize(2)
        return 15,15,xfac,yfac
    else:
        bx = abs(min(min([i[0] for i in p]), 0))
        by = abs(min(min([i[1] for i in p]), 0))
        bx = int(bx) if(int(bx) == bx) else int(bx) + 1
        by = int(by) if(int(by) == by) else int(by) + 1
        xfac = w / xsize
        yfac = h / ysize
        bx,by = bx * xfac,by * yfac
        t.penup()
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10,-h / 2 + 10)
        t.pendown()
        t.pensize(5)
        t.goto(w / 2 + 10,-h / 2 + 10)
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10, -h / 2 + 10)
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10,h / 2 + 10)
        t.penup()
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.pendown()
        t.pensize(2)
        return -w / 2 + 15 + bx, -h / 2 + 15 + by,xfac,yfac
def _get_gradient(l,r,n,h):
    r1,g1,b1 = l
    r2,g2,b2 = r
    f1 = float(n)
    f2 = float(h - n)
    r3 = int(r1 * f1 + r2 * f2)
    g3 = int(g1 * f1 + g2 * f2)
    b3 = int(b1 * f1 + b2 * f2)
    return (r3,b3,g3)
def draw_curve_matplotlib_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',linecolor=(0,0,190)):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(1,xlabel,ylabel,points)
    t.pencolor(linecolor)
    t.penup()
    t.goto(points[0][0] + xf,points[0][1] + yf)
    t.pendown()
    for i in points:
        x, y = i
        x, y = x * xfac, y * yfac
        t.goto(x + xf,y + yf)
    t.mainloop()
def draw_scatter_matplotlib_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',pointcolor=(0,0,190),pointr=1):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(1, xlabel, ylabel,points)
    t.pencolor(pointcolor)
    t.fillcolor(pointcolor)
    for i in points:
        x,y = i
        x,y = x * xfac,y * yfac
        t.penup()
        t.goto(x + xf,y + yf)
        t.pendown()
        t.begin_fill()
        t.circle(pointr)
        t.end_fill()
    t.mainloop()
def draw_contour_matplotlib_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',low=(0,50,50),high=(0,255,255)):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(1,xlabel,ylabel,points)
    plot = {}
    highest = float('-inf')
    for i in points:
        x, y, z = i
        highest = max(highest, y)
        if (y in plot):
            plot[y].append((x, z))
        else:
            plot[y] = [(x, z)]

    for i in plot:
        t.penup()
        t.goto(plot[i][0][0] + xf,plot[i][0][1] + yf)
        t.pendown()
        t.fillcolor(_get_gradient(low, high, i, highest))
        t.begin_fill()
        for j in plot[i]:
            x, y = j
            x, y = x * xfac, y * yfac
            t.goto(x + xf, y + yf)
        t.end_fill()
    t.mainloop()
def draw_bar_chart_matplotlib_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',barcolor=(0,0,190),barwidth=5):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(1,xlabel,ylabel,points)
    half_width = barwidth / 2
    t.pencolor(barcolor)
    t.fillcolor(barcolor)
    for i in points:
        x,y = i
        x, y = x * xfac, y * yfac
        t.penup()
        t.goto(x - half_width + xf,yf)
        t.pendown()
        t.begin_fill()
        t.goto(x + half_width + xf,yf)
        t.goto(x + half_width + xf,y + yf)
        t.goto(x - half_width + xf, y + yf)
        t.goto(x - half_width + xf, yf)
        t.end_fill()
    t.mainloop()
def draw_curve_plotter_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',linecolor=(0,0,190)):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(2,xlabel,ylabel,points)
    t.pencolor(linecolor)
    t.penup()
    t.goto(points[0][0] + xf, points[0][1] + yf)
    t.pendown()
    t.begin_fill()
    for i in points:
        x, y = i
        x, y = x * xfac, y * yfac
        t.goto(x + xf, y + yf)
    t.end_fill()
    t.mainloop()
def draw_scatter_plotter_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',pointcolor=(0,0,190),pointr=1):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(2,xlabel,ylabel,points)
    t.pencolor(pointcolor)
    t.fillcolor(pointcolor)
    for i in points:
        x, y = i
        x, y = x * xfac, y * yfac
        t.penup()
        t.goto(x + xf, y + yf)
        t.pendown()
        t.begin_fill()
        t.circle(pointr)
        t.end_fill()
    t.mainloop()
def draw_contour_plotter_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',low=(0,50,50),high=(0,255,255)):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(2,xlabel,ylabel,points)
    plot = {}
    highest = float('-inf')
    for i in points:
        x,y,z = i
        highest = max(highest,y)
        if(y in plot):
            plot[y].append((x,z))
        else:
            plot[y] = [(x,z)]
    for i in plot:
        t.fillcolor(_get_gradient(low,high,i,highest))
        t.penup()
        t.goto(plot[i][0][0] + xf, plot[i][0][1] + yf)
        t.pendown()
        t.begin_fill()
        for j in plot[i]:
            x, y = j
            x, y = x * xfac, y * yfac
            t.goto(x + xf, y + yf)
        t.end_fill()
    t.mainloop()
def draw_bar_chart_plotter_style(points,xlabel = '',ylabel = '',barcolor=(0,0,190),barwidth=5):
    xf,yf,xfac,yfac = _draw_axis(2,xlabel,ylabel,points)
    half_width = barwidth / 2
    t.pencolor(barcolor)
    t.fillcolor(barcolor)
    for i in points:
        x, y = i
        x, y = x * xfac, y * yfac
        t.penup()
        t.goto(x - half_width + xf, yf)
        t.pendown()
        t.begin_fill()
        t.goto(x + half_width + xf, yf)
        t.goto(x + half_width + xf, y + yf)
        t.goto(x - half_width + xf, y + yf)
        t.goto(x - half_width + xf, yf)
        t.end_fill()
    t.mainloop()
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这次代码比较冗长，就讲一下思路和重点代码哈，剩下的自己应该能理解的了。

画图部分

曲线图：每一次使用goto函数去到一个需要画的点即可

散点图：每一次提笔并goto到需要画的点然后落笔画一个圆

等高线：按照高度画曲线图，并以用如下 $\downarrow$ 代码产生的颜色填充

def _get_gradient(l,r,n,h):
    r1,g1,b1 = l
    r2,g2,b2 = r
    f1 = float(n)
    f2 = float(h - n)
    r3 = int(r1 * f1 + r2 * f2)
    g3 = int(g1 * f1 + g2 * f2)
    b3 = int(b1 * f1 + b2 * f2)
    return (r3,b3,g3)
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即将 $c_1$ 和 $c_2$ 按比例混合。

柱状图： goto到要画的点后画一个长方形并填充即可

画坐标轴

def _draw_axis(op,xlab,ylab,p):
    t.hideturtle()
    xsize = max([i[0] for i in p]) + abs(min([i[0] for i in p]))
    ysize = max([i[1] for i in p]) + abs(min([i[1] for i in p]))
    canv = t.getcanvas()
    w,h = canv.winfo_width() - 30,canv.winfo_height() - 30
    if(op == 2):
        xfac = w / 2 / xsize
        yfac = h / 2 / ysize
        t.penup()
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.pendown()
        t.pensize(5)
        t.goto(0,h / 2 - 10)
        t.goto(0,-h / 2 + 10)
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.goto(w / 2 - 10,0)
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10,0)
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.pensize(2)
        return 15,15,xfac,yfac
    else:
        bx = abs(min(min([i[0] for i in p]), 0))
        by = abs(min(min([i[1] for i in p]), 0))
        bx = int(bx) if(int(bx) == bx) else int(bx) + 1
        by = int(by) if(int(by) == by) else int(by) + 1
        xfac = w / xsize
        yfac = h / ysize
        bx,by = bx * xfac,by * yfac
        t.penup()
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10,-h / 2 + 10)
        t.pendown()
        t.pensize(5)
        t.goto(w / 2 + 10,-h / 2 + 10)
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10, -h / 2 + 10)
        t.goto(-w / 2 + 10,h / 2 + 10)
        t.penup()
        t.goto(0,0)
        t.pendown()
        t.pensize(2)
        return -w / 2 + 15 + bx, -h / 2 + 15 + by,xfac,yfac
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就是按照要求画两条线，并计算xf,yf,xfac,yfac分别代表曲线的位置(xf,yf)和曲线在两个方向上的缩放倍数(xfac,yfac)。

计算方法如下 $\downarrow$
$o p = 1$ 时：
xf $=$ yf $= 15$ ，也就是坐标系位置 $+$ 线宽。
xfac $=$ 画布宽度 $\div$ $x$ 轴长度
yfac $=$ 画布高度 $\div$ $y$ 轴长度

$o p = 2$ 时：
xf $=$ 坐标系 $x$ 轴位置 $+$ 线宽 $+$ $x$ 轴最低位置与0中的最小值的绝对值向上取整(这里这么长的的东西是为了让曲线在图里面)
yf $=$ 坐标系 $y$ 轴位置 $+$ 线宽 $+$ $y$ 轴最低位置与0中的最小值的绝对值向上取整(这里这么长的的东西是为了让曲线在图里面)
xfac $=$ 画布宽度 $\div$ $x$ 轴长度
yfac $=$ 画布高度 $\div$ $y$ 轴长度

项目github

github传送门

附录A：如何使用：

格式为draw_..._matplotlib_style的为matplotlib风格的绘图函数
格式为draw_..._plotter_style的为plotter原生风格的绘图函数
另...可以为curve(曲线图)、scatter(散点图)、contour(等高线)、bar_chart
参数请自行查看源代码，每个函数中的points参数格式是 $[(x_1,y_1,z_1),(x_2,y_2,z_2),\cdots]$ (等高线contour函数)或 $[(x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2),\cdots]$ (其他函数)

附录B：更方便的matplotlib如何使用：

英文官网
 中文官网

作者

hit-road

拜拜,下课!
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