舆情/热点聚类算法研究（一）：通过python爬虫实现舆情/热点数据准备_python 自动化爬虫舆情信息采集

目录

一、用Requests获取网页源码

1.1 过程分析

1.2 代码演示

二、网页解析与数据存储

2.1 网页解析

2.2 代码演示

三、完整代码

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预备知识：python基础、HTML基础

爬虫：一段自动抓取互联网信息的程序，从互联网上抓取对于我们有价值的信息。

目标：获取微博社会栏目热点数据

---

一、用Requests获取网页源码

1.1 过程分析

首先定位到要爬取的网站链接，通过F12打开控制台，找到请求包列表查看预览，定位到所需数据所在的具体请求包，找到待爬取网页的url（标头）、参数列表（载荷）、用户Cookie和Agent（标头）。

• url：网页地址，地址中?号后的部分为参数，可以通过调整参数（删改测试）明确网页固定参数和可变参数，固定参数可以直接写入url，非固定参数需要通过params参数来控制。
• 参数列表：表示当前网页的参数设置
• 用户Cookie和Agent：浏览器标识，用于request请求中模拟浏览器活动

比如现在要爬取微博热点数据：

1.2 代码演示

获取到这些信息后，就可以开始写request请求获取网页的数据源码，如下：

import requests
import csv
import numpy as np
import os
import time
from datetime import datetime
 
articalUrl = 'https://weibo.com/ajax/feed/hottimeline'
 
headers={
    'Cookie' : '...',
    'User-Agent': '...'
}
 
# 此为社会热点页面参数
params = {
    'group_id':'1028034188',
    'containerid':'102803_ctg1_4188_-_ctg1_4188',
    'max_id':0,
    'count':20,
    'extparam':'discover|new_feed'
}
 
# response得到get后的数据源码
response = requests.get(articalUrl,headers = headers,params = params)

二、网页解析与数据存储

2.1 网页解析

可以观察到，我们所需的各类数据，都在statuses模块的分组内，以此不断切分出所需数据并导入目标文件即可：

2.2 代码演示

def get_data(url,params):
    headers={
        'Cookie' : '...',
        'User-Agent': '...'
    }
    response = requests.get(url,headers = headers,params = params)
    if response.status_code == 200:    # “200”标识代表GET请求成功
        return response.json()['statuses']    # 此处直接提取出statuses中的内容
    else:
        print('出错了')
        return None
 
# 切分数据
def parse_json(response):
    for artice in response:
        id = artice['id']
        LikeNum = artice['attitudes_count']
        commentsLen = artice['comments_count']
        reposts_count = artice['reposts_count']
        try:
            region=artice['region_name'].replace('发布于 ','')
        except:
            region = '无'
        content = artice['text_raw']
        contentLen = artice['textLength']
        created_at = datetime.strptime(artice['created_at'],'%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %z %Y').strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
        try:   
            detailUrl = 'https://weibo.com/'+ str(artice['id']) + '/' + str(artice['mblogid'])
        except:
            detailUrl = '无'
        authorName = artice['user']['screen_name']
        authorAvatar = artice['user']['avatar_large']
        authorDetail = 'https://weibo.com/u/' + str(artice['user']['id'])
        writerRow([
            # id,
            # LikeNum,
            # commentsLen,
            # reposts_count,
            # region,
            # content,
            # contentLen,
            # created_at,
            # type,
            # detailUrl,
            # authorAvatar,
            # authorDetail
            content    # 此处只爬取内容，可以修改
        ])

---

三、完整代码

file_path = './articaleData'
 
def init():
    if not os.path.exists(file_path):
        with open(file_path,'w',encoding='utf-8',newline='') as csvFile:
            writer = csv.writer(csvFile)
            writer.writerow([
                'id',
                'likeNum',
                'commentsLen',
                'reposts_count',
                'region',
                'content',
                'contentLen',
                'created_at',
                'detailurl',
                'authorAvatar',
                'authorName',
                'authorDetail',
            ])
 
def writerRow(row):
     with open(file_path,'a',encoding='utf-8',newline='') as csvFile:
         writer = csv.writer(csvFile)
         writer.writerow(row)
 
def get_data(url,params):
    headers={
        'Cookie' : '...',
        'User-Agent': '...'
    }
    response = requests.get(url,headers = headers,params = params)
    if response.status_code == 200:
        return response.json()['statuses']
    else:
        print('出错了')
        return None
 
def parse_json(response):
    for artice in response:
        id = artice['id']
        LikeNum = artice['attitudes_count']
        commentsLen = artice['comments_count']
        reposts_count = artice['reposts_count']
        try:
            region=artice['region_name'].replace('发布于 ','')
        except:
            region = '无'
        content = artice['text_raw']
        contentLen = artice['textLength']
        created_at = datetime.strptime(artice['created_at'],'%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %z %Y').strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
        try:   
            detailUrl = 'https://weibo.com/'+ str(artice['id']) + '/' + str(artice['mblogid'])
        except:
            detailUrl = '无'
        authorName = artice['user']['screen_name']
        authorAvatar = artice['user']['avatar_large']
        authorDetail = 'https://weibo.com/u/' + str(artice['user']['id'])
        writerRow([
            # id,
            # LikeNum,
            # commentsLen,
            # reposts_count,
            # region,
            # content,
            # contentLen,
            # created_at,
            # detailUrl,
            # authorAvatar,
            # authorDetail
            content
        ])
 
def start(pageNum = 10):
    articalUrl = 'https://weibo.com/ajax/feed/hottimeline'
    init()
    for page in range(0,pageNum):
        print('正在爬取的类型: %s 中的第%s页文章数据'%('社会',page +1))
        parmas = {
          'group_id':'1028034188',
          'containerid':'102803_ctg1_4188_-_ctg1_4188',
          'max_id':page,
          'count':20,
          'extparam':'discover|new_feed'
        }
        response = get_data(articalUrl,parmas)
        parse_json(response)
    print('爬取完毕！')
        
if __name__ == "__main__":
    start()