解决运行pip install时提示错误：error: externally-managed-environment

error: externally-managed-environment
 
× This environment is externally managed
╰─> To install Python packages system-wide, try apt install
    python3-xyz, where xyz is the package you are trying to
    install.
    
    If you wish to install a non-Debian-packaged Python package,
    create a virtual environment using python3 -m venv path/to/venv.
    Then use path/to/venv/bin/python and path/to/venv/bin/pip. Make
    sure you have python3-full installed.
    
    If you wish to install a non-Debian packaged Python application,
    it may be easiest to use pipx install xyz, which will manage a
    virtual environment for you. Make sure you have pipx installed.
    
    See /usr/share/doc/python3.11/README.venv for more information.
 
note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.

sudo mv /usr/lib/python3.x/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED /usr/lib/python3.x/EXTERNALLY-MANAGED.bk

find /usr/lib/ -type d -name "*python*"

2：老实点使用pipx

安装pipx：

sudo apt install pipx

以后就使用Pipx去安装包文件了：

pipx install package_name

添加环境变量：

pipx ensurepath

删除使用pipx安装的软件包：

pipx uninstall package_name

3：使用venv

如果你是专业开发人员，在运行或构建py文件时遇到“ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'xxx'”错误，推荐使用Python虚拟环境，借助虚拟环境，使用不同版本的包依赖项和Python，避免包之间的任何冲突。

安装 venv：

sudo apt install python3-venv
#或者
sudo apt install python3.10-venv

生成Python虚拟环境：

mkdir -p $HOME/.env && python3 -m venv $HOME/.env/project_name

将看到一个.env在主目录中，并且你将在 .env 中拥有项目目录，每个虚拟环境项目目录中都会有自己的 Python 和 Pip 副本。

安装模块：

$HOME/.env/project_name/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip
$HOME/.env/project_name/bin/python -m pip install package_name

用新的虚拟环境执行py文件：

source $HOME/.env/project_name/bin/activate
$HOME/.env/project_name/bin/python ./xxxx.py