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docker基础用法
作者：小蓝xlanll | 2024-05-18 16:21:43
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docker基础用法
docker基础用法
什么是docker
Docker是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个可移植的镜像中，然后发布到任何流行的Linux或Windows机器上，也可以实现虚拟化。容器是完全使用沙箱机制，相互之间不会有任何接口。
Docker的核心思想就是来自集装箱；集装箱的概念是隔离货物，所以docker的核心就是隔离机制。同时docker使用可移植镜像所以部署以及运维极其方便快捷。
docker中的容器：
- lxc --> libcontainer --> runC
OCI&OCF
OCI
Open Container-initiative
- 由Linux基金会主导于2015年6月创立
- 旨在围绕容器格式和运行时制定一个开放的工业化标准
- contains two specifications
- the Runtime Specification（runtime-spec）
- the Image Specification（image-spec）
OCF
Open Container Format
runC is a CLI tool for spawning and running containers according to the OCI specification
- Containers are started as a child process of runC and can be embedded into various other systems without having to run a daemon
- runC is built on libcontainer, the same container technology powering millions of Docker Engine installations
docker提供了一个专门容纳容器镜像的站点：https://hub.docker.com
docker架构
Docker引擎组成：
docker镜像与镜像仓库
为什么镜像仓库名字是Registry而不是repository？在docker中仓库的名字是以应用的名称取名的。
镜像是静态的，而容器是动态的，容器有其生命周期，镜像与容器的关系类似于程序与进程的关系。镜像类似于文件系统中的程序文件，而容器则类似于将一个程序运行起来的状态，也即进程。所以容器是可以删除的，容器被删除后其镜像是不会被删除的。
docker对象
When you use docker, you are creating and using images, containers, networks, volumes, pluginns, and other objects.
- IMAGES
- An image is a read-only template with instructions for creating a docker container.
- Often, an image is based on another image, with some additional customization.
- You might create your own images or you might only use those created by others and published in a registry.
- CONTAINERS
- A conntainer is a runnable instance of an image.
- You can create, run, stop, move, or delete a container using the docker API or CLI.
- You can connect a container to one or more networks, attach storage to it, or even create a new image based on its current state.
安装及使用docker
docker安装
方式1: 安装依赖包 [root@localhost ~]# yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2 配置docker的yum源 [root@localhost ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo docker安装版本查看 [root@localhost ~]# yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r 安装最新版docker [root@localhost ~]# yum install docker-ce-18.09.9 docker-ce-cli-18.09.9 containerd.io -y 方式2： 配置docker源 [root@localhost ~]# curl -o docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo [root@localhost ~]# sed -i 's@https://download.docker.com@https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/docker-ce@g' docker-ce.repo 安装docker-ce以及docker组件 [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install docker-ce
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docker加速
docker-ce的配置文件是/etc/docker/daemon.json，此文件默认不存在，需要我们手动创建并进行配置，而docker的加速就是通过配置此文件来实现的。
docker的加速有多种方式：
- docker cn
- 中国科技大学加速器
- 阿里云加速器（需要通过阿里云开发者平台注册帐号，免费使用个人私有的加速器）
设置docker hub阿里云镜像加速
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start docker
[root@localhost ~]# cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json <<EOF
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://in3617d8.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart docker
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
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docker常用操作
| 命令 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| docker search | Search the Docker Hub for images 从Docker Hub镜像仓库上查找镜像 |
| docker pull | Pull an image or a repository from a registry 从Docker Hub镜像仓库上拉取镜像 |
| docker images | List images 列出本地的镜像 |
| docker create | Create a new conntainer 创建一个新的容器（与run命令不同，使用create命令只能创建容器而并不启动） |
| docker start | Start one or more stopped containers 启动容器 |
| docker run | Run a command in a new container 根据镜像新建并启动容器 |
| docker attach | Attach to a runninng container 进入到一个正在运行容器内（使用exit命令退出后，容器会停止） |
| docker ps | List containers 列出当前所有正在运行的容器 |
| docker logs | Fetch the logs of a container 获取容器的日志 |
| docker restart | Restart a container 重新启动容器 |
| docker stop | Stop one or more running containers 停止正在运行的容器 |
| docker kill | Kill one or more running containers 杀死正在运行的容器 |
| docker rm | Remove onne or more containers 删除容器 |
| docker exec | Run a command in a running container 进入到一个正在运行容器内（使用exit命令退出后，容器会继续运行） |
| docker info | Display system-wide information 显示当前系统信息、docker容器、镜像个数、设置等信息 |
| docker inspect | Return low-level information on Docker objects 用于以JSON格式显示容器与镜像的详细信息 |
命令演示
docker version命令
查看docker的版本信息 [root@localhost ~]# docker version Client: Docker Engine - Community Version: 20.10.11 API version: 1.41 Go version: go1.16.9 Git commit: dea9396 Built: Thu Nov 18 00:36:58 2021 OS/Arch: linux/amd64 Context: default Experimental: true Server: Docker Engine - Community Engine: Version: 20.10.11 API version: 1.41 (minimum version 1.12) Go version: go1.16.9 Git commit: 847da18 Built: Thu Nov 18 00:35:20 2021 OS/Arch: linux/amd64 Experimental: false containerd: Version: 1.4.12 GitCommit: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d runc: Version: 1.0.2 GitCommit: v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2 docker-init: Version: 0.19.0 GitCommit: de40ad0
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docker info命令
查看docker的详细信息 [root@localhost ~]# docker info Client: #docker客户端信息 Context: default Debug Mode: false Plugins: #插件 app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3) buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.6.3-docker) scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.9.0) Server: #docker服务器端信息 Containers: 0 #容器数量 Running: 0 #正在运行的数量 Paused: 0 #暂停的数量 Stopped: 0 #已停止的数量 Images: 0 #镜像数量 Server Version: 20.10.11 #docker服务器版本 Storage Driver: overlay2 #docker存储驱动程序 Backing Filesystem: xfs #文件系统 Supports d_type: true Native Overlay Diff: true userxattr: false Logging Driver: json-file #日志驱动程序 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs #Cgroup驱动程序 Cgroup Version: 1 Plugins: #插件信息 Volume: local Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog Swarm: inactive #Swarm状态 Runtimes: io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc io.containerd.runc.v2 #runtimes信息 Default Runtime: runc #默认runtime Init Binary: docker-init containerd version: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d runc version: v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2 init version: de40ad0 Security Options: #安全选项 seccomp Profile: default Kernel Version: 4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64 #linux内核版本 Operating System: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 (Ootpa) #linux操作系统 OSType: linux #操作系统类型 Architecture: x86_64 CPUs: 2 #宿主机CPU数量 Total Memory: 3.664GiB #宿主机内存 Name: localhost.localdomain #宿主机名称 ID: P6PW:JNW6:BKLA:OQBN:GASX:MTK7:75GM:XVRR:IJC6:5A57:ADVX:RVHX Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker #docker根目录 Debug Mode: false Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/ #镜像仓库 Labels: Experimental: false Insecure Registries: #非安全镜像仓库 127.0.0.0/8 Registry Mirrors: #镜像加速器 https://in3617d8.mirror.aliyuncs.com/ Live Restore Enabled: false
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docker inspect命令
用于以JSON格式显示容器与镜像的详细信息 [root@localhost ~]# docker inspect centos01 ...... "Config": { "Hostname": "05de12ebccae", "Domainname": "", "User": "", "AttachStdin": true, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Tty": true, "OpenStdin": true, "StdinOnce": true, "Env": [ "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" ], "Cmd": [ "/bin/bash" ], "Image": "centos", "Volumes": null, "WorkingDir": "", "Entrypoint": null, "OnBuild": null, "Labels": { "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915", "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2", "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image", "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0", "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS" } }, "NetworkSettings": { "Bridge": "", "SandboxID": "e63a84adb2295beed207ce3ad234074c66d47d4463a79b5852ed27086f326c07", "HairpinMode": false, "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "", "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0, "Ports": {}, "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/e63a84adb229", "SecondaryIPAddresses": null, "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null, "EndpointID": "fb025130964ebc0dd35f4eb40c6c29de76f01a7eac1405c9ba1a144c166ff06a", "Gateway": "172.17.0.1", "GlobalIPv6Address": "", "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0, "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2", "IPPrefixLen": 16, "IPv6Gateway": "", "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02", "Networks": { "bridge": { "IPAMConfig": null, "Links": null, "Aliases": null, "NetworkID": "5960e7e679b1d5aac7116e1a93034809f34cd7fe7087de8df5d037a0f6d6c15f", "EndpointID": "fb025130964ebc0dd35f4eb40c6c29de76f01a7eac1405c9ba1a144c166ff06a", "Gateway": "172.17.0.1", "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2", "IPPrefixLen": 16, "IPv6Gateway": "", "GlobalIPv6Address": "", "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0, "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02", "DriverOpts": null ......
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docker search命令
从Docker Hub镜像仓库上查找centos镜像 [root@localhost ~]# docker search centos NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED centos The official build of CentOS. 6904 [OK] ansible/centos7-ansible Ansible on Centos7 135 [OK] consol/centos-xfce-vnc Centos container with "headless" VNC session… 131 [OK] jdeathe/centos-ssh OpenSSH / Supervisor / EPEL/IUS/SCL Repos - … 121 [OK] centos/systemd systemd enabled base container. 105 [OK] centos/mysql-57-centos7 MySQL 5.7 SQL database server 92 imagine10255/centos6-lnmp-php56 centos6-lnmp-php56 58 [OK] tutum/centos Simple CentOS docker image with SSH access 48 centos/postgresql-96-centos7 PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational … 45 centos/httpd-24-centos7 Platform for running Apache httpd 2.4 or bui… 40 jdeathe/centos-ssh-apache-php Apache PHP - CentOS. 31 [OK] kinogmt/centos-ssh CentOS with SSH 29 [OK] guyton/centos6 From official centos6 container with full up… 10 [OK] nathonfowlie/centos-jre Latest CentOS image with the JRE pre-install… 8 [OK] centos/tools Docker image that has systems administration… 7 [OK] drecom/centos-ruby centos ruby 6 [OK] darksheer/centos Base Centos Image -- Updated hourly 3 [OK] mamohr/centos-java Oracle Java 8 Docker image based on Centos 7 3 [OK] dokken/centos-7 CentOS 7 image for kitchen-dokken 2 miko2u/centos6 CentOS6 日本語環境 2 [OK] amd64/centos The official build of CentOS. 2 mcnaughton/centos-base centos base image 1 [OK] blacklabelops/centos CentOS Base Image! Built and Updates Daily! 1 [OK] smartentry/centos centos with smartentry 0 [OK] starlabio/centos-native-build Our CentOS image for native builds 0 [OK]
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docker pull命令
从Docker Hub镜像仓库上拉取centos镜像（默认最新版） [root@localhost ~]# docker pull centos #centos后不跟任何版本，代表默认拉取最新版latest Using default tag: latest latest: Pulling from library/centos a1d0c7532777: Pull complete Digest: sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177 Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest docker.io/library/centos:latest 从Docker Hub镜像仓库上拉取指定版本centos系统镜像 [root@localhost ~]# docker pull centos:7 7: Pulling from library/centos 2d473b07cdd5: Pull complete Digest: sha256:9d4bcbbb213dfd745b58be38b13b996ebb5ac315fe75711bd618426a630e0987 Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:7 docker.io/library/centos:7
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docker image命令
删除本地的镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker image rm nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx@sha256:097c3a0913d7e3a5b01b6c685a60c03632fc7a2b50bc8e35bcaa3691d788226e
Deleted: sha256:ea335eea17ab984571cd4a3bcf90a0413773b559c75ef4cda07d0ce952b00291
Deleted: sha256:cc284e9b1cbed75793782165a07a0c2139d8ec0116d1d562c0e2e504ed586238
Deleted: sha256:6207e091bef7f1c94a109cb455ba163d53d7c2c641de65e71d3a0f33c0ebd8ae
Deleted: sha256:97a18ff8c6973f64d763f004cad932319a1428e0502c0ec3e671e78b2f14256b
Deleted: sha256:319130834f01416a2e8f9a4f2b2fa082c702ac21f16e0e2a206e23d53a0a3bae
Deleted: sha256:1bc375f72973dc110c9629a694bc7476bf878d244287c0214e6436afd6a9d1b0
Deleted: sha256:e1bbcf243d0e7387fbfe5116a485426f90d3ddeb0b1738dca4e3502b6743b325
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docker images命令
列出本地的镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
centos 7 eeb6ee3f44bd 2 months ago 204MB
centos latest 5d0da3dc9764 2 months ago 231MB
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docker create命令
创建一个新的容器centos01
[root@localhost ~]# docker create --name centos01 centos
3e485339765890eb0b6c803159cae7d3a2076bff2c5e574fe1c10e411b521ae9
创建一个新的容器centos02,并指定shell
[root@localhost ~]# docker create -it --name centos02 centos /bin/bash
8d3b7f0c2de3b26dac399b9cbc620b9949b0d924aec19f1dd7759570339de60e
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docker start命令
启动容器centos01
[root@localhost ~]# docker start centos01
centos01
启动容器centos02
[root@localhost ~]# docker start centos02
centos02
同时启动多个容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker start centos01 centos02
centos01
centos02
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docker ps命令
列出当前所有正在运行的容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 05de12ebccae centos "/bin/bash" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes centos01 8d3b7f0c2de3 centos "/bin/bash" 20 minutes ago Up 10 minutes centos02 列出所有容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 05de12ebccae centos "/bin/bash" 3 minutes ago Up 3 minutes centos01 8d3b7f0c2de3 centos "/bin/bash" 20 minutes ago Exited (0) 2 seconds ago centos02 列出正在运行的容器的id [root@localhost ~]# docker ps -q 05de12ebccae 列出所有容器的id [root@localhost ~]# docker ps -aq 05de12ebccae 8d3b7f0c2de3
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docker stop命令
停止正在运行的容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker stop centos01 centos01 [root@localhost ~]# docker stop centos02 centos02 停止多个正在运行的容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker stop centos01 centos02 centos01 centos02 根据id停止所有运行的容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker stop `docker ps -q` 8044c20df9ec 4b9a8e1c0a2b 2762a93193ae 05de12ebccae 8d3b7f0c2de3
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docker restart命令
重新启动容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker restart centos01 centos01 [root@localhost ~]# docker restart centos02 centos02 重新启动多个容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker restart centos01 centos02 centos01 centos02 根据id同时启动多个容器 [root@localhost ~]# docker restart `docker ps -aq` 653889632b0d 8044c20df9ec
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docker kill命令
杀死正在运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker kill centos01
centos01
杀死所有正在运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker kill `docker ps -aq`
653889632b0d
8044c20df9ec
05de12ebccae
8d3b7f0c2de3
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docker rm命令
删除容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm centos01
centos01
删除多个容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm centos01 centos02
centos01
centos02
根据id同时删除多个容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm `docker ps -aq`
653889632b0d
8044c20df9ec
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docker rmi命令
删除镜像
[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx:latest
Untagged: nginx@sha256:097c3a0913d7e3a5b01b6c685a60c03632fc7a2b50bc8e35bcaa3691d788226e
Deleted: sha256:ea335eea17ab984571cd4a3bcf90a0413773b559c75ef4cda07d0ce952b00291
Deleted: sha256:cc284e9b1cbed75793782165a07a0c2139d8ec0116d1d562c0e2e504ed586238
Deleted: sha256:6207e091bef7f1c94a109cb455ba163d53d7c2c641de65e71d3a0f33c0ebd8ae
Deleted: sha256:97a18ff8c6973f64d763f004cad932319a1428e0502c0ec3e671e78b2f14256b
Deleted: sha256:319130834f01416a2e8f9a4f2b2fa082c702ac21f16e0e2a206e23d53a0a3bae
Deleted: sha256:1bc375f72973dc110c9629a694bc7476bf878d244287c0214e6436afd6a9d1b0
Deleted: sha256:e1bbcf243d0e7387fbfe5116a485426f90d3ddeb0b1738dca4e3502b6743b325
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docker run命令
选项-d为后台运行 -it指定shell -p端口映射（本机端口:容器端口） -v目录映射（本地目录:容器目录） 根据镜像新建并启动容器centos03 [root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name centos03 -d centos /bin/bash 361ba464398351e0878969791a711c12bbddf3b19efaccd387c31ff3008f6d62 根据镜像新建并启动容器nginx（后台运行） [root@localhost ~]# docker run --name nginx -d nginx:latest b6f025427e2b2e22d2b76e22ec45c6a4294292286a80e08fadadbe3d670db40b 根据镜像新建并启动容器nginx01（端口映射） [root@localhost ~]# docker run --name nginx01 -p 80:8080/tcp -d nginx 2762a93193aef882632cd69db0cba4c3be6f63982d7ef3aa7c0fbe9bf5c25748 [root@localhost ~]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 2762a93193ae nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 8 seconds ago Up 7 seconds 80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:80->8080/tcp, :::80->8080/tcp nginx01 根据镜像新建并启动容器nginx02（目录映射） [root@localhost ~]# docker run --name nginx02 -v /mnt/:/data -d nginx 4b9a8e1c0a2b374fb3196ec11e522c711de0160484001e6d02dcf8c828f27f20 [root@localhost ~]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 4b9a8e1c0a2b nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 3 seconds ago Up 2 seconds 80/tcp nginx02 测试目录映射 [root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/ [root@localhost mnt]# ls hgfs [root@localhost mnt]# touch 123 [root@localhost mnt]# ls 123 hgfs [root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it nginx02 /bin/bash root@4b9a8e1c0a2b:/# ls /data/ 123 hgfs
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docker attach命令
进入到一个正在运行容器内
[root@localhost ~]# docker attach centos01
[root@05de12ebccae /]#
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docker exec命令
进入到一个在在运行容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it centos01 /bin/bash
[root@05de12ebccae /]#
不进入容器执行命令
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec centos01 ls /root/
anaconda-ks.cfg
anaconda-post.log
original-ks.cfg
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