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宇宙最强破译器！！！HASHCAT（哈斯猫）--入门深度学习

作者：我家自动化 | 2024-05-19 22:45:20

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hashcat

Hashcat 是一款密码爆破神器，信息安全必备工具之一，特此写篇文章记录总结之，以备不时之需，同时也可能帮助到看到本本文的网友。

简介

Hashcat 是世界上最快的密码破解程序，是一个支持多平台、多算法的开源的分布式工具。

官方：hashcat - advanced password recovery

Github：GitHub - hashcat/hashcat: World's fastest and most advanced password recovery utility

安装

macOS

BASH

  1. # 安装hashcat
  2. brew install hashcat
  3.  
  4. # 查看版本
  5. hashcat --version

Linux

Kali Linux 内置 Hashcat，在 Deepin Linux 和 Ubuntu Linux 下可以直接使用 APT 来安装:

BASH

  1. apt update && apt install hashcat
  2.  
  3. # 查看版本
  4. hashcat --version

也可以手动解压运行二进制文件 Releases · hashcat/hashcat · GitHub 下载最新版压缩包：

BASH

  1. # 解压
  2. tar zxvf hashcat-5.1.0.7z
  3. cd hashcat-5.1.0
  4.  
  5. # 根据自己的平台执行对应的二进制文件
  6. ./hashcat64.bin
  7. ./hashcat32.bin

Windows

Releases · hashcat/hashcat · GitHub 下载最新版压缩包，解压根据自己的平台运行 hashcat64.exe 或者 hashcat32.exe

常用参数

-m 破解 hash 类型

指定要破解的 hash 类型，后面跟 hash 类型对应的数字，具体类型详见下表：

BASH

  1. - [ Hash modes ] -
  2.  
  3.       # | Name                                             | Category
  4.   ======+==================================================+======================================
  5.     900 | MD4                                              | Raw Hash
  6.       0 | MD5                                              | Raw Hash
  7.    5100 | Half MD5                                         | Raw Hash
  8.     100 | SHA1                                             | Raw Hash
  9.    1300 | SHA2-224                                         | Raw Hash
  10.    1400 | SHA2-256                                         | Raw Hash
  11.   10800 | SHA2-384                                         | Raw Hash
  12.    1700 | SHA2-512                                         | Raw Hash
  13.   17300 | SHA3-224                                         | Raw Hash
  14.   17400 | SHA3-256                                         | Raw Hash
  15.   17500 | SHA3-384                                         | Raw Hash
  16.   17600 | SHA3-512                                         | Raw Hash
  17.   17700 | Keccak-224                                       | Raw Hash
  18.   17800 | Keccak-256                                       | Raw Hash
  19.   17900 | Keccak-384                                       | Raw Hash
  20.   18000 | Keccak-512                                       | Raw Hash
  21.     600 | BLAKE2b-512                                      | Raw Hash
  22.   10100 | SipHash                                          | Raw Hash
  23.    6000 | RIPEMD-160                                       | Raw Hash
  24.    6100 | Whirlpool                                        | Raw Hash
  25.    6900 | GOST R 34.11-94                                  | Raw Hash
  26.   11700 | GOST R 34.11-2012 (Streebog) 256-bit, big-endian | Raw Hash
  27.   11800 | GOST R 34.11-2012 (Streebog) 512-bit, big-endian | Raw Hash
  28.      10 | md5($pass.$salt)                                 | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  29.      20 | md5($salt.$pass)                                 | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  30.      30 | md5(utf16le($pass).$salt)                        | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  31.      40 | md5($salt.utf16le($pass))                        | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  32.    3800 | md5($salt.$pass.$salt)                           | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  33.    3710 | md5($salt.md5($pass))                            | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  34.    4010 | md5($salt.md5($salt.$pass))                      | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  35.    4110 | md5($salt.md5($pass.$salt))                      | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  36.    2600 | md5(md5($pass))                                  | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  37.    3910 | md5(md5($pass).md5($salt))                       | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  38.    4300 | md5(strtoupper(md5($pass)))                      | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  39.    4400 | md5(sha1($pass))                                 | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  40.     110 | sha1($pass.$salt)                                | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  41.     120 | sha1($salt.$pass)                                | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  42.     130 | sha1(utf16le($pass).$salt)                       | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  43.     140 | sha1($salt.utf16le($pass))                       | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  44.    4500 | sha1(sha1($pass))                                | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  45.    4520 | sha1($salt.sha1($pass))                          | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  46.    4700 | sha1(md5($pass))                                 | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  47.    4900 | sha1($salt.$pass.$salt)                          | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  48.   14400 | sha1(CX)                                         | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  49.    1410 | sha256($pass.$salt)                              | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  50.    1420 | sha256($salt.$pass)                              | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  51.    1430 | sha256(utf16le($pass).$salt)                     | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  52.    1440 | sha256($salt.utf16le($pass))                     | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  53.    1710 | sha512($pass.$salt)                              | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  54.    1720 | sha512($salt.$pass)                              | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  55.    1730 | sha512(utf16le($pass).$salt)                     | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  56.    1740 | sha512($salt.utf16le($pass))                     | Raw Hash, Salted and/or Iterated
  57.      50 | HMAC-MD5 (key = $pass)                           | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  58.      60 | HMAC-MD5 (key = $salt)                           | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  59.     150 | HMAC-SHA1 (key = $pass)                          | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  60.     160 | HMAC-SHA1 (key = $salt)                          | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  61.    1450 | HMAC-SHA256 (key = $pass)                        | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  62.    1460 | HMAC-SHA256 (key = $salt)                        | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  63.    1750 | HMAC-SHA512 (key = $pass)                        | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  64.    1760 | HMAC-SHA512 (key = $salt)                        | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  65.   11750 | HMAC-Streebog-256 (key = $pass), big-endian      | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  66.   11760 | HMAC-Streebog-256 (key = $salt), big-endian      | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  67.   11850 | HMAC-Streebog-512 (key = $pass), big-endian      | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  68.   11860 | HMAC-Streebog-512 (key = $salt), big-endian      | Raw Hash, Authenticated
  69.   14000 | DES (PT = $salt, key = $pass)                    | Raw Cipher, Known-Plaintext attack
  70.   14100 | 3DES (PT = $salt, key = $pass)                   | Raw Cipher, Known-Plaintext attack
  71.   14900 | Skip32 (PT = $salt, key = $pass)                 | Raw Cipher, Known-Plaintext attack
  72.   15400 | ChaCha20                                         | Raw Cipher, Known-Plaintext attack
  73.     400 | phpass                                           | Generic KDF
  74.    8900 | scrypt                                           | Generic KDF
  75.   11900 | PBKDF2-HMAC-MD5                                  | Generic KDF
  76.   12000 | PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1                                 | Generic KDF
  77.   10900 | PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256                               | Generic KDF
  78.   12100 | PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512                               | Generic KDF
  79.      23 | Skype                                            | Network Protocols
  80.    2500 | WPA-EAPOL-PBKDF2                                 | Network Protocols
  81.    2501 | WPA-EAPOL-PMK                                    | Network Protocols
  82.   16800 | WPA-PMKID-PBKDF2                                 | Network Protocols
  83.   16801 | WPA-PMKID-PMK                                    | Network Protocols
  84.    4800 | iSCSI CHAP authentication, MD5(CHAP)             | Network Protocols
  85.    5300 | IKE-PSK MD5                                      | Network Protocols
  86.    5400 | IKE-PSK SHA1                                     | Network Protocols
  87.    5500 | NetNTLMv1                                        | Network Protocols
  88.    5500 | NetNTLMv1+ESS                                    | Network Protocols
  89.    5600 | NetNTLMv2                                        | Network Protocols
  90.    7300 | IPMI2 RAKP HMAC-SHA1                             | Network Protocols
  91.    7500 | Kerberos 5 AS-REQ Pre-Auth etype 23              | Network Protocols
  92.    8300 | DNSSEC (NSEC3)                                   | Network Protocols
  93.   10200 | CRAM-MD5                                         | Network Protocols
  94.   11100 | PostgreSQL CRAM (MD5)                            | Network Protocols
  95.   11200 | MySQL CRAM (SHA1)                                | Network Protocols
  96.   11400 | SIP digest authentication (MD5)                  | Network Protocols
  97.   13100 | Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23                      | Network Protocols
  98.   16100 | TACACS+                                          | Network Protocols
  99.   16500 | JWT (JSON Web Token)                             | Network Protocols
  100.   18200 | Kerberos 5 AS-REP etype 23                       | Network Protocols
  101.     121 | SMF (Simple Machines Forum) > v1.1               | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  102.     400 | phpBB3 (MD5)                                     | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  103.    2611 | vBulletin < v3.8.5                               | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  104.    2711 | vBulletin >= v3.8.5                              | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  105.    2811 | MyBB 1.2+                                        | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  106.    2811 | IPB2+ (Invision Power Board)                     | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  107.    8400 | WBB3 (Woltlab Burning Board)                     | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  108.      11 | Joomla < 2.5.18                                  | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  109.     400 | Joomla >= 2.5.18 (MD5)                           | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  110.     400 | WordPress (MD5)                                  | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  111.    2612 | PHPS                                             | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  112.    7900 | Drupal7                                          | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  113.      21 | osCommerce                                       | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  114.      21 | xt:Commerce                                      | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  115.   11000 | PrestaShop                                       | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  116.     124 | Django (SHA-1)                                   | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  117.   10000 | Django (PBKDF2-SHA256)                           | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  118.   16000 | Tripcode                                         | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  119.    3711 | MediaWiki B type                                 | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  120.   13900 | OpenCart                                         | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  121.    4521 | Redmine                                          | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  122.    4522 | PunBB                                            | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  123.   12001 | Atlassian (PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA1)                     | Forums, CMS, E-Commerce, Frameworks
  124.      12 | PostgreSQL                                       | Database Server
  125.     131 | MSSQL (2000)                                     | Database Server
  126.     132 | MSSQL (2005)                                     | Database Server
  127.    1731 | MSSQL (2012, 2014)                               | Database Server
  128.     200 | MySQL323                                         | Database Server
  129.     300 | MySQL4.1/MySQL5                                  | Database Server
  130.    3100 | Oracle H: Type (Oracle 7+)                       | Database Server
  131.     112 | Oracle S: Type (Oracle 11+)                      | Database Server
  132.   12300 | Oracle T: Type (Oracle 12+)                      | Database Server
  133.    8000 | Sybase ASE                                       | Database Server
  134.     141 | Episerver 6.x < .NET 4                           | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  135.    1441 | Episerver 6.x >= .NET 4                          | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  136.    1600 | Apache $apr1$ MD5, md5apr1, MD5 (APR)            | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  137.   12600 | ColdFusion 10+                                   | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  138.    1421 | hMailServer                                      | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  139.     101 | nsldap, SHA-1(Base64), Netscape LDAP SHA         | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  140.     111 | nsldaps, SSHA-1(Base64), Netscape LDAP SSHA      | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  141.    1411 | SSHA-256(Base64), LDAP {SSHA256}                 | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  142.    1711 | SSHA-512(Base64), LDAP {SSHA512}                 | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  143.   16400 | CRAM-MD5 Dovecot                                 | HTTP, SMTP, LDAP Server
  144.   15000 | FileZilla Server >= 0.9.55                       | FTP Server
  145.   11500 | CRC32                                            | Checksums
  146.    3000 | LM                                               | Operating Systems
  147.    1000 | NTLM                                             | Operating Systems
  148.    1100 | Domain Cached Credentials (DCC), MS Cache        | Operating Systems
  149.    2100 | Domain Cached Credentials 2 (DCC2), MS Cache 2   | Operating Systems
  150.   15300 | DPAPI masterkey file v1                          | Operating Systems
  151.   15900 | DPAPI masterkey file v2                          | Operating Systems
  152.   12800 | MS-AzureSync  PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256                 | Operating Systems
  153.    1500 | descrypt, DES (Unix), Traditional DES            | Operating Systems
  154.   12400 | BSDi Crypt, Extended DES                         | Operating Systems
  155.     500 | md5crypt, MD5 (Unix), Cisco-IOS $1$ (MD5)        | Operating Systems
  156.    3200 | bcrypt $2*$, Blowfish (Unix)                     | Operating Systems
  157.    7400 | sha256crypt $5$, SHA256 (Unix)                   | Operating Systems
  158.    1800 | sha512crypt $6$, SHA512 (Unix)                   | Operating Systems
  159.     122 | macOS v10.4, MacOS v10.5, MacOS v10.6            | Operating Systems
  160.    1722 | macOS v10.7                                      | Operating Systems
  161.    7100 | macOS v10.8+ (PBKDF2-SHA512)                     | Operating Systems
  162.    6300 | AIX {smd5}                                       | Operating Systems
  163.    6700 | AIX {ssha1}                                      | Operating Systems
  164.    6400 | AIX {ssha256}                                    | Operating Systems
  165.    6500 | AIX {ssha512}                                    | Operating Systems
  166.    2400 | Cisco-PIX MD5                                    | Operating Systems
  167.    2410 | Cisco-ASA MD5                                    | Operating Systems
  168.     500 | Cisco-IOS $1$ (MD5)                              | Operating Systems
  169.    5700 | Cisco-IOS type 4 (SHA256)                        | Operating Systems
  170.    9200 | Cisco-IOS $8$ (PBKDF2-SHA256)                    | Operating Systems
  171.    9300 | Cisco-IOS $9$ (scrypt)                           | Operating Systems
  172.      22 | Juniper NetScreen/SSG (ScreenOS)                 | Operating Systems
  173.     501 | Juniper IVE                                      | Operating Systems
  174.   15100 | Juniper/NetBSD sha1crypt                         | Operating Systems
  175.    7000 | FortiGate (FortiOS)                              | Operating Systems
  176.    5800 | Samsung Android Password/PIN                     | Operating Systems
  177.   13800 | Windows Phone 8+ PIN/password                    | Operating Systems
  178.    8100 | Citrix NetScaler                                 | Operating Systems
  179.    8500 | RACF                                             | Operating Systems
  180.    7200 | GRUB 2                                           | Operating Systems
  181.    9900 | Radmin2                                          | Operating Systems
  182.     125 | ArubaOS                                          | Operating Systems
  183.    7700 | SAP CODVN B (BCODE)                              | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  184.    7701 | SAP CODVN B (BCODE) via RFC_READ_TABLE           | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  185.    7800 | SAP CODVN F/G (PASSCODE)                         | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  186.    7801 | SAP CODVN F/G (PASSCODE) via RFC_READ_TABLE      | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  187.   10300 | SAP CODVN H (PWDSALTEDHASH) iSSHA-1              | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  188.    8600 | Lotus Notes/Domino 5                             | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  189.    8700 | Lotus Notes/Domino 6                             | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  190.    9100 | Lotus Notes/Domino 8                             | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  191.     133 | PeopleSoft                                       | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  192.   13500 | PeopleSoft PS_TOKEN                              | Enterprise Application Software (EAS)
  193.   11600 | 7-Zip                                            | Archives
  194.   12500 | RAR3-hp                                          | Archives
  195.   13000 | RAR5                                             | Archives
  196.   13200 | AxCrypt                                          | Archives
  197.   13300 | AxCrypt in-memory SHA1                           | Archives
  198.   13600 | WinZip                                           | Archives
  199.   14700 | iTunes backup < 10.0                             | Backup
  200.   14800 | iTunes backup >= 10.0                            | Backup
  201.    62XY | TrueCrypt                                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  202.      X  | 1 = PBKDF2-HMAC-RIPEMD160                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  203.      X  | 2 = PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512                           | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  204.      X  | 3 = PBKDF2-HMAC-Whirlpool                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  205.      X  | 4 = PBKDF2-HMAC-RIPEMD160 + boot-mode            | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  206.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure AES                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  207.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure Serpent                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  208.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure Twofish                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  209.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure AES                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  210.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure Serpent                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  211.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure Twofish                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  212.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded AES-Twofish            | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  213.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Serpent-AES            | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  214.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Twofish-Serpent        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  215.       Y | 3 = XTS 1536 bit all                             | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  216.    8800 | Android FDE <= 4.3                               | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  217.   12900 | Android FDE (Samsung DEK)                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  218.   12200 | eCryptfs                                         | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  219.   137XY | VeraCrypt                                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  220.      X  | 1 = PBKDF2-HMAC-RIPEMD160                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  221.      X  | 2 = PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA512                           | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  222.      X  | 3 = PBKDF2-HMAC-Whirlpool                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  223.      X  | 4 = PBKDF2-HMAC-RIPEMD160 + boot-mode            | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  224.      X  | 5 = PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256                           | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  225.      X  | 6 = PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 + boot-mode               | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  226.      X  | 7 = PBKDF2-HMAC-Streebog-512                     | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  227.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure AES                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  228.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure Serpent                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  229.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure Twofish                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  230.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure Camellia                   | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  231.       Y | 1 = XTS  512 bit pure Kuznyechik                 | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  232.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure AES                        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  233.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure Serpent                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  234.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure Twofish                    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  235.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure Camellia                   | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  236.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit pure Kuznyechik                 | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  237.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded AES-Twofish            | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  238.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Camellia-Kuznyechik    | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  239.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Camellia-Serpent       | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  240.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Kuznyechik-AES         | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  241.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Kuznyechik-Twofish     | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  242.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Serpent-AES            | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  243.       Y | 2 = XTS 1024 bit cascaded Twofish-Serpent        | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  244.       Y | 3 = XTS 1536 bit all                             | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  245.   14600 | LUKS                                             | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  246.   16700 | FileVault 2                                      | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  247.   18300 | Apple File System (APFS)                         | Full-Disk Encryption (FDE)
  248.    9700 | MS Office <= 2003 $0/$1, MD5 + RC4               | Documents
  249.    9710 | MS Office <= 2003 $0/$1, MD5 + RC4, collider #1  | Documents
  250.    9720 | MS Office <= 2003 $0/$1, MD5 + RC4, collider #2  | Documents
  251.    9800 | MS Office <= 2003 $3/$4, SHA1 + RC4              | Documents
  252.    9810 | MS Office <= 2003 $3, SHA1 + RC4, collider #1    | Documents
  253.    9820 | MS Office <= 2003 $3, SHA1 + RC4, collider #2    | Documents
  254.    9400 | MS Office 2007                                   | Documents
  255.    9500 | MS Office 2010                                   | Documents
  256.    9600 | MS Office 2013                                   | Documents
  257.   10400 | PDF 1.1 - 1.3 (Acrobat 2 - 4)                    | Documents
  258.   10410 | PDF 1.1 - 1.3 (Acrobat 2 - 4), collider #1       | Documents
  259.   10420 | PDF 1.1 - 1.3 (Acrobat 2 - 4), collider #2       | Documents
  260.   10500 | PDF 1.4 - 1.6 (Acrobat 5 - 8)                    | Documents
  261.   10600 | PDF 1.7 Level 3 (Acrobat 9)                      | Documents
  262.   10700 | PDF 1.7 Level 8 (Acrobat 10 - 11)                | Documents
  263.   16200 | Apple Secure Notes                               | Documents
  264.    9000 | Password Safe v2                                 | Password Managers
  265.    5200 | Password Safe v3                                 | Password Managers
  266.    6800 | LastPass + LastPass sniffed                      | Password Managers
  267.    6600 | 1Password, agilekeychain                         | Password Managers
  268.    8200 | 1Password, cloudkeychain                         | Password Managers
  269.   11300 | Bitcoin/Litecoin wallet.dat                      | Password Managers
  270.   12700 | Blockchain, My Wallet                            | Password Managers
  271.   15200 | Blockchain, My Wallet, V2                        | Password Managers
  272.   16600 | Electrum Wallet (Salt-Type 1-3)                  | Password Managers
  273.   13400 | KeePass 1 (AES/Twofish) and KeePass 2 (AES)      | Password Managers
  274.   15500 | JKS Java Key Store Private Keys (SHA1)           | Password Managers
  275.   15600 | Ethereum Wallet, PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256              | Password Managers
  276.   15700 | Ethereum Wallet, SCRYPT                          | Password Managers
  277.   16300 | Ethereum Pre-Sale Wallet, PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256     | Password Managers
  278.   16900 | Ansible Vault                                    | Password Managers
  279.   18100 | TOTP (HMAC-SHA1)                                 | One-Time Passwords
  280.   99999 | Plaintext                                        | Plaintext

-a 破解模式

指定要使用的破解模式，其值参考后面对参数：

R

  1. - [ Attack Modes ] -
  2.  
  3.   # | Mode
  4.  ===+======
  5.   0 | Straight                # 直接字典破解
  6.   1 | Combination             # 组合破解
  7.   3 | Brute-force             # 掩码暴力破解
  8.   6 | Hybrid Wordlist + Mask  # 字典+掩码破解
  9.   7 | Hybrid Mask + Wordlist  # 掩码+字典破解

–increment

启用增量破解模式，让 hashcat 在指定的密码长度范围内执行破解

–increment-min

密码最小长度，后面直接等于一个整数即可，配置 increment 模式一起使用

–increment-max

密码最大长度，后面直接等于一个整数即可，配置 increment 模式一起使用

–force

忽略破解过程中的警告信息

–remove

删除已被破解成功的 hash

–username

忽略 hash 文件中的指定的用户名，在破解 Linux 系统用户密码 hash 会用到

–potfile-disable

不在 potfile 中记录破解成功的 hash

-I

--opencl-info 显示有关检测到的 OpenCL 平台 / 设备的信息，如果有一块好的显卡的话破解速度会快很多。

我的 MacBook 检测到了 3 个设备，分别是 CPU、核显和独显

BASH

  1. # sqlsec @ com in ~ [14:42:33] C:130
  2. $ hashcat -I
  3. hashcat (v5.1.0) starting...
  4.  
  5. OpenCL Info:
  6.  
  7. Platform ID #1
  8.   Vendor  : Apple
  9.   Name    : Apple
  10.   Version : OpenCL 1.2 (Sep  5 2019 21:59:08)
  11.  
  12.   Device ID #1
  13.     Type           : CPU
  14.     Vendor ID      : 4
  15.     Vendor         : Intel
  16.     Name           : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60GHz
  17.     Version        : OpenCL 1.2
  18.     Processor(s)   : 12
  19.     Clock          : 2600
  20.     Memory         : 4096/16384 MB allocatable
  21.     OpenCL Version : OpenCL C 1.2
  22.     Driver Version : 1.1
  23.  
  24.   Device ID #2
  25.     Type           : GPU
  26.     Vendor ID      : 2147483648
  27.     Vendor         : Intel Inc.
  28.     Name           : Intel(R) UHD Graphics 630
  29.     Version        : OpenCL 1.2
  30.     Processor(s)   : 24
  31.     Clock          : 1150
  32.     Memory         : 384/1536 MB allocatable
  33.     OpenCL Version : OpenCL C 1.2
  34.     Driver Version : 1.2(Sep 25 2019 21:33:26)
  35.  
  36.   Device ID #3
  37.     Type           : GPU
  38.     Vendor ID      : 1
  39.     Vendor         : AMD
  40.     Name           : AMD Radeon Pro 555X Compute Engine
  41.     Version        : OpenCL 1.2
  42.     Processor(s)   : 12
  43.     Clock          : 300
  44.     Memory         : 1024/4096 MB allocatable
  45.     OpenCL Version : OpenCL C 1.2
  46.     Driver Version : 1.2 (Sep 25 2019 21:23:46)

使用 clinfo 命令也可以看到你的设备的 OpenCL 相关信息:

BASH

  1. # Linux 安装 clinfo
  2. apt install clinfo
  3.  
  4. # macOS 安装 clinfo
  5. brew install clinfo
  6.  
  7. # 查询 OpenCL 设备相关信息
  8. clinfo |grep 'Device Type'

​编辑

-o

--outfile 指定破解成功后的 hash 及所对应的明文密码的存放位置

-O

--optimized-kernel-enable 启用优化的内核（限制密码长度）

-d

--opencl-devices 指定 opencl 的设备，我这里支持的设备列表如下：

CODE

  1. * Device #1: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60GHz, skipped.
  2. * Device #2: Intel(R) UHD Graphics 630, 384/1536 MB allocatable, 24MCU
  3. * Device #3: AMD Radeon Pro 555X Compute Engine, 1024/4096 MB allocatable, 12MCU

-D

--opencl-device-types 指定 opencl 的设备类型，Hashcat 支持如下设备类型：

BASH

  1. 1 | CPU
  2. 2 | GPU
  3. 3 | FPGA, DSP, Co-Processor

一般常用 -D 2 指定 GPU 破解

所有参数

参数类型描述案例
-m, --hash-typeNumHash-type, see references below-m 1000
-a, --attack-modeNumAttack-mode, see references below-a 3
-V, --versionPrint version
-h, --helpPrint help
--quietSuppress output
--hex-charsetAssume charset is given in hex
--hex-saltAssume salt is given in hex
--hex-wordlistAssume words in wordlist are given in hex
--forceIgnore warnings
--statusEnable automatic update of the status screen
--status-timerNumSets seconds between status screen updates to X--status-timer=1
--stdin-timeout-abortNumAbort if there is no input from stdin for X seconds--stdin-timeout-abort=300
--machine-readableDisplay the status view in a machine-readable format
--keep-guessingKeep guessing the hash after it has been cracked
--self-test-disableDisable self-test functionality on startup
--loopbackAdd new plains to induct directory
--markov-hcstat2FileSpecify hcstat2 file to use--markov-hcstat2=my.hcstat2
--markov-disableDisables markov-chains, emulates classic brute-force
--markov-classicEnables classic markov-chains, no per-position
-t, --markov-thresholdNumThreshold X when to stop accepting new markov-chains-t 50
--runtimeNumAbort session after X seconds of runtime--runtime=10
--sessionStrDefine specific session name--session=mysession
--restoreRestore session from –session
--restore-disableDo not write restore file
--restore-file-pathFileSpecific path to restore file--restore-file-path=x.restore
-o, --outfileFileDefine outfile for recovered hash-o outfile.txt
--outfile-formatNumDefine outfile-format X for recovered hash--outfile-format=7
--outfile-autohex-disableDisable the use of $HEX[] in output plains
--outfile-check-timerNumSets seconds between outfile checks to X--outfile-check=30
--wordlist-autohex-disableDisable the conversion of $HEX[] from the wordlist
-p, --separatorCharSeparator char for hashlists and outfile-p :
--stdoutDo not crack a hash, instead print candidates only
--showCompare hashlist with potfile; show cracked hashes
--leftCompare hashlist with potfile; show uncracked hashes
--usernameEnable ignoring of usernames in hashfile
--removeEnable removal of hashes once they are cracked
--remove-timerNumUpdate input hash file each X seconds--remove-timer=30
--potfile-disableDo not write potfile
--potfile-pathFileSpecific path to potfile--potfile-path=my.pot
--encoding-fromCodeForce internal wordlist encoding from X--encoding-from=iso-8859-15
--encoding-toCodeForce internal wordlist encoding to X--encoding-to=utf-32le
--debug-modeNumDefines the debug mode (hybrid only by using rules)--debug-mode=4
--debug-fileFileOutput file for debugging rules--debug-file=good.log
--induction-dirDirSpecify the induction directory to use for loopback--induction=inducts
--outfile-check-dirDirSpecify the outfile directory to monitor for plains--outfile-check-dir=x
--logfile-disableDisable the logfile
--hccapx-message-pairNumLoad only message pairs from hccapx matching X--hccapx-message-pair=2
--nonce-error-correctionsNumThe BF size range to replace AP’s nonce last bytes--nonce-error-corrections=16
--keyboard-layout-mappingFileKeyboard layout mapping table for special hash-modes--keyb=german.hckmap
--truecrypt-keyfilesFileKeyfiles to use, separated with commas--truecrypt-keyf=x.png
--veracrypt-keyfilesFileKeyfiles to use, separated with commas--veracrypt-keyf=x.txt
--veracrypt-pimNumVeraCrypt personal iterations multiplier--veracrypt-pim=1000
-b, --benchmarkRun benchmark of selected hash-modes
--benchmark-allRun benchmark of all hash-modes (requires -b)
--speed-onlyReturn expected speed of the attack, then quit
--progress-onlyReturn ideal progress step size and time to process
-c, --segment-sizeNumSets size in MB to cache from the wordfile to X-c 32
--bitmap-minNumSets minimum bits allowed for bitmaps to X--bitmap-min=24
--bitmap-maxNumSets maximum bits allowed for bitmaps to X--bitmap-max=24
--cpu-affinityStrLocks to CPU devices, separated with commas--cpu-affinity=1,2,3
--example-hashesShow an example hash for each hash-mode
-I, --opencl-infoShow info about detected OpenCL platforms/devices-I
--opencl-platformsStrOpenCL platforms to use, separated with commas--opencl-platforms=2
-d, --opencl-devicesStrOpenCL devices to use, separated with commas-d 1
-D, --opencl-device-typesStrOpenCL device-types to use, separated with commas-D 1
--opencl-vector-widthNumManually override OpenCL vector-width to X--opencl-vector=4
-O, --optimized-kernel-enableEnable optimized kernels (limits password length)
-w, --workload-profileNumEnable a specific workload profile, see pool below-w 3
-n, --kernel-accelNumManual workload tuning, set outerloop step size to X-n 64
-u, --kernel-loopsNumManual workload tuning, set innerloop step size to X-u 256
-T, --kernel-threadsNumManual workload tuning, set thread count to X-T 64
--spin-dampNumUse CPU for device synchronization, in percent--spin-damp=50
--hwmon-disableDisable temperature and fanspeed reads and triggers
--hwmon-temp-abortNumAbort if temperature reaches X degrees Celsius--hwmon-temp-abort=100
--scrypt-tmtoNumManually override TMTO value for scrypt to X--scrypt-tmto=3
-s, --skipNumSkip X words from the start-s 1000000
-l, --limitNumLimit X words from the start + skipped words-l 1000000
--keyspaceShow keyspace base:mod values and quit
-j, --rule-leftRuleSingle rule applied to each word from left wordlist-j ‘c’
-k, --rule-rightRuleSingle rule applied to each word from right wordlist-k ‘^-‘
-r, --rules-fileFileMultiple rules applied to each word from wordlists-r rules/best64.rule
-g, --generate-rulesNumGenerate X random rules-g 10000
--generate-rules-func-minNumForce min X functions per rule
--generate-rules-func-maxNumForce max X functions per rule
--generate-rules-seedNumForce RNG seed set to X
-1, --custom-charset1CSUser-defined charset ?1-1 ?l?d?u
-i, --incrementEnable mask increment mode
--increment-minNumStart mask incrementing at X--increment-min=4
--increment-maxNumStop mask incrementing at X--increment-max=8
-S, --slow-candidatesEnable slower (but advanced) candidate generators
--brain-serverEnable brain server
-z, --brain-clientEnable brain client, activates -S
--brain-client-featuresNumDefine brain client features, see below--brain-client-features=3
--brain-hostStrBrain server host (IP or domain)--brain-host=127.0.0.1
--brain-portPortBrain server port--brain-port=13743
--brain-passwordStrBrain server authentication password--brain-password=bZfhCvGUSjRq
--brain-sessionHexOverrides automatically calculated brain session--brain-session=0x2ae611db
--brain-session-whitelistHexAllow given sessions only, separated with commas--brain-session-whitelist=0x2ae611db

掩码破解

掩码规则

BASH

  1.  ? | Charset
  2. ===+=========
  3.  l | abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz          # 小写字母 a-z
  4.  u | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ          # 大写字母 A-Z
  5.  d | 0123456789                          # 数字 0-9
  6.  h | 0123456789abcdef                    # 数字 + abcdef
  7.  H | 0123456789ABCDEF                    # 数字 + ABCDEF
  8.  s |  !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~   # 特殊字符    
  9.  a | ?l?u?d?s                            # 键盘上所有可见的字符
  10.  b | 0x00 - 0xff                         # 可能是用来匹配像空格这种密码的

自定义掩码规则

BASH

  1. --custom-charset1 [chars]等价于 -1
  2. --custom-charset2 [chars]等价于 -2
  3. --custom-charset3 [chars]等价于 -3
  4. --custom-charset4 [chars]等价于 -4

在掩码中用 ?1、?2、?3、?4 来表示

一些案例：

BASH

--custom-charset1 abcd123456!@-+

此时？1 就表示 abcd123456!@-+

BASH

--custom-charset2 ?l?d

此时？2 就表示 ?l?d 即 ?h 数字 + 小写字母：

BASH

-3 abcdef -4 123456

此时 ?3?3?3?3?4?4?4?4 就表示为前四位可能是 abcdef，后四位可能是 123456

字典破解

CODE

1q2w3e4r`的MD5值为`5416d7cd6ef195a0f7622a9c56b55e84

BASH

hashcat -a 0 -m 0 '5416d7cd6ef195a0f7622a9c56b55e84' hashpass.txt -o success.txt

删除已破解密码

有时候破解的时候会出现如下提示：

CODE

INFO: All hashes found in potfile! Use --show to display them.

这表明在之前该密码已经被我们破解成功了，Hashcat 故不再显示出来，可以在后面添加参数 --show 来显示密码：

BASH

  1. hashcat -a 0 -m 0 'cbc8f5435c87e13c5d14e6ce92358d68' hashpass.txt --show
  2. cbc8f5435c87e13c5d14e6ce92358d68:123456@abc

Hashcat 存放已经成功破解的密码文件位置为：~/.hashcat/hashcat.potfile

如果想要直接显示破解的密码的话，可以直接删除掉该文件。

批量破解

BASH

  1. # 删除之前破解成功的记录
  2. rm ~/.hashcat/hashcat.potfile
  3.  
  4. # hash.txt为要破解的密码 hashpass.txt为字典 导出破解的结果到success.txt 并从hash.txt删除掉破解成功的
  5. hashcat -a 0 -m 0 hash.txt hashpass.txt -o success.txt --remove

组合破解

多字典破解

BASH

hashcat -a 1 -m 0 '5416d7cd6ef195a0f7622a9c56b55e84' hashpass1.txt hashpass1.txt

字典 + 掩码破解

BASH

  1. echo -n admin888 |openssl md5
  2. 7fef6171469e80d32c0559f88b377245

破解 admin888 的 MD5 值：

BASH

hashcat -a 6 -m 0 '7fef6171469e80d32c0559f88b377245' hashpass.txt -O

掩码 + 字典破解

BASH

hashcat -a 7 -m 0 '7fef6171469e80d32c0559f88b377245' 'admi?l?d?d?d' hashpass.txt  -O

破解案例

8 位 MD5 加密的数字破解

对 23323323 进行 MD5 加密：

BASH

  1. $ echo -n 23323323 |openssl md5
  2. 5a745e31dbbd93f4c86d1ef82281688b

使用 Hashcat 来进行破解：

BASH

hashcat -a 3 -m 0 --force '5a745e31dbbd93f4c86d1ef82281688b' '?d?d?d?d?d?d?d?d' -O

8 位 MD5 加密的大小写字母破解

BASH

  1. $ echo -n PassWord |openssl md5
  2. a9d402bfcde5792a8b531b3a82669585

使用 Hashcat 来进行破解：

BASH

hashcat -a 3 -m 0 -1 '?l?u' --force  'a9d402bfcde5792a8b531b3a82669585' '?1?1?1?1?1?1?1?1' -O

这里面定义了个自定义规则 -1，此时 ?1 就表示 ?l?u，即大小写字母。

5-7 位 MD5 加密的大小写字母 + 数字破解

Admin88 的 MD5 值为 2792e40d60bac94b4b163b93566e65a9

BASH

hashcat -a 3 -m 0 -1 '?l?u?d' --force  '2792e40d60bac94b4b163b93566e65a9' --increment --increment-min 5 --increment-max 7 '?1?1?1?1?1?1?1' -O

这里面定义了个自定义规则 -1，此时 ?1 就表示 ?l?u?d，即大小写字母 + 数字。

admin 开头 10 位 MD5 加密的大小写字母 + 数字破解

admin23323 的 MD5 值为 a9991129897a44e0d1c2855c3d7dccc4

BASH

hashcat -a 3 -m 0 -1 '?l?u?d' --force  'a9991129897a44e0d1c2855c3d7dccc4' 'admin?1?1?1?1?1' -O

MySQL4.1/MySQL5

查看 MySQL 的密码：

MYSQL

  1. mysql> select Password from mysql.user;
  2. +-------------------------------------------+
  3. | Password                                  |
  4. +-------------------------------------------+
  5. | *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B |
  6. | *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B |
  7. | *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B |
  8. | *81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B |
  9. +-------------------------------------------+
  10. 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

然后开始使用字典破解：

BASH

hashcat -a 0 -m 300 --force '81F5E21E35407D884A6CD4A731AEBFB6AF209E1B' hashpass.txt -O

Linux /etc/shadow sha512crypt $6$, SHA512 (Unix)

查看 /etc/shadow 密码文件：

BASH

  1. root@kali-linux:~# cat /etc/shadow
  2. root:$6$4ojiBMDPrehqrLkX$d2T7Cn8LKkLk4SDXgCh1IEqjhnsUekXaNUXSxiZIwUTndSqyd.9sEcu80sX9DuEHGmHOeoMev2O0ACYtjMett1:18201:0:99999:7:::
  3. daemon:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  4. bin:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  5. sys:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  6. sync:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  7. games:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  8. man:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  9. lp:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  10. mail:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  11. news:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  12. uucp:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  13. proxy:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  14. www-data:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  15. backup:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  16. list:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  17. irc:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  18. gnats:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  19. nobody:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  20. _apt:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  21. systemd-timesync:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  22. systemd-network:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  23. systemd-resolve:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  24. mysql:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  25. ntp:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  26. messagebus:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  27. arpwatch:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  28. Debian-exim:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  29. uuidd:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  30. redsocks:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  31. tss:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  32. rwhod:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  33. iodine:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  34. miredo:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  35. dnsmasq:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  36. postgres:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  37. usbmux:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  38. rtkit:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  39. stunnel4:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  40. sshd:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  41. Debian-snmp:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  42. sslh:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  43. pulse:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  44. speech-dispatcher:!:18024:0:99999:7:::
  45. avahi:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  46. saned:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  47. inetsim:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  48. colord:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  49. geoclue:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  50. king-phisher:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  51. Debian-gdm:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  52. dradis:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  53. beef-xss:*:18024:0:99999:7:::
  54. systemd-coredump:!!:18082::::::

可以看到 root 是有密码的，前面使用的是 $6 表面 hash 的加密方式为:sha512crypt $6$, SHA512 (Unix)。

BASH

  1. # 掩码破解root密码 不在potfile中记录破解成功的hash 指定设备2（核显）来跑密码 并开启优化
  2. hashcat -a 3 -m 1800 --force  '$6$4ojiBMDPrehqrLkX$d2T7Cn8LKkLk4SDXgCh1IEqjhnsUekXaNUXSxiZIwUTndSqyd.9sEcu80sX9DuEHGmHOeoMev2O0ACYtjMett1' '?l?l?l?l' -O -d 2 --potfile-disable
  3.  
  4. # 掩码破解root密码 忽略用户名 不在potfile中记录破解成功的hash 指定设备2（核显）来跑密码 并开启优化
  5. hashcat -a 3 -m 1800 --force  'root:$6$4ojiBMDPrehqrLkX$d2T7Cn8LKkLk4SDXgCh1IEqjhnsUekXaNUXSxiZIwUTndSqyd.9sEcu80sX9DuEHGmHOeoMev2O0ACYtjMett1' '?l?l?l?l' -O -d 2 --username --potfile-disable

macOS 下自带的 CPU 和独显无法破解，这里国光本人手动切换了 -d 2 用核显才成功跑出来：

​编辑

字典破解 Windows LM Hash

BASH

hashcat -a 0 -m 3000 --force '921988ba001dc8e14a3b108f3fa6cb6d' password.txt

字典破解 Windows NTLM Hash

BASH

hashcat -a 0 -m 1000 --force 'e19ccf75ee54e06b06a5907af13cef42' password.txt

分布破解

该功能目前有点坑，现在本地测试还没有顺利成功过，留在这边待以后完善，2021 年了依然没有填这个坑，未来不知道会不会补上…..

参数类型说明国光的理解示例
–brain-serverEnable brain server启用主服务器
-z, –brain-clientEnable brain client, activates -S启用分布式客户端
–brain-client-featuresNumDefine brain client features, see below定义客户端功能–brain-client-features=3
–brain-hostStrBrain server host (IP or domain)主服务器的 IP 或者域–brain-host=127.0.0.1
–brain-portPortBrain server port主服务器端口–brain-port=13743
–brain-passwordStrBrain server authentication password主服务器的认证密码–brain-password=e8acfc7280c48009
–brain-sessionHexOverrides automatically calculated brain session自动覆盖已经计算的主会话–brain-session=0x2ae611db
–brain-session-whitelistHexAllow given sessions only, separated with commas仅允许给定的对话，以逗号分隔–brain-session-whitelist=0x2ae611db

客户端功能

BASH

  1. - [ Brain Client Features ] -
  2.  
  3.   # | Features
  4.  ===+========
  5.   1 | Send hashed passwords                       # 发送已破解的密码
  6.   2 | Send attack positions                       # 发送已破解的位置
  7.   3 | Send hashed passwords and attack positions  # 发送已破解的密码和已破解的位置

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