gre 填空90-107_the ecomonist argued that however much

section 90 hard

1. He defended the government’s equivocations regarding the mysterious contrail as resulting not from _____ as critics say, but from a benightedness about its own doings that is almost inevitable, given the multitudinous- ness of its agencies.

A. obtuseness difficult to comprehend

B. mendacity lie

C. abnegation denial;especially : self-denial

D. guilelessness : innocent, naive  

E. trenchancy vigorously effective and articulate

Negate : to deny the existence or truth of

•negated and denied her own honest reactions

4. Hyana Kusiemko and her colleagues speculate that the (i)_____ support among low-income works for increases in the minimum wage is a form of last-place aversion: people who are in a marginally better position than the worst off （注意这个谓语指向前一个people）seek to (ii)_____ to distinguish themselves from those in last place.

第一个空要与下一个空一起填

Dissemble : to hide under a false appearance

~dissembling the facts

找好句子成分

5. Unlike the elected branches of the United States government, where making personal connection with citizens is (i)_____ and almost (ii)_____ political efficacy, the United States Supreme Court continues to maintain that its members should communicate with the public almost exclusively through formal opinions—and even then through ceremonial rituals that date back to the nineteenth century.

这里换对象，两者不同

Exclusively这个词取反

6. Part of what currently makes it so (i)_____ to arrive at a scientific understanding of the living world is that while technological advances have produced a cascade of data—from detailed genome sequence to the sophisticated satellite imagery that documents the planet’s ecosystems—our ability to (ii)_____ these data still lags far behind their (iii)_____. 2空3空是对比了两个东西

Interpretation the act or the result of interpreting : explanation

7. In the wild, no other mammal _____ individuals from another species: badgers do not tend hares, deer do not nurture baby squirrels, lions do not care for giraffes.

 

: affording, receiving, or sharing nurture or parental care though not related by blood or legal ties

• They are foster parents to three foster children.

: to adopt a child

• couples choosing to adopt

8. Recent research runs counter to the long-cherished notion that a small drop in body temperature during and after surgery is either _____ or actually protects the patient by slowing metabolism and reducing the body’s demand for blood and oxygen.

这个就是说要么有用要么没用，不一定

Preventive : something that prevents;especially : something used to prevent disease

Prophylactic guarding from or preventing the spread or occurrence of disease or infection

6选2 有时候选的逻辑不对

Indispensable absolutely necessary : essential

• an indispensable member of the staff

 

section91 mediun

3. Trying to fix problems that affect vast numbers of people（要对应systemic） has an intuitive appeal that politicians and policymakers find (i)_____, but several warehouses of research studies show that intuition is often a poor guide to fixing (ii)_____ problems.

off-putting : that puts one off : repellent, disconcerting

• an off-putting attitude

: to accumulate in or be restricted to a specific or limited area

~an infection that localizes in the ear

: of, relating to, or common to a system: such as

a: affecting the body generally

6. Substantial atmosphere around planetary bodies acts as (i)_____ incoming objects. Smaller objects, particularly those that are lower in density and more fragile, (ii)_____ in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, whereas more intact, larger bodies may survive to impact the surface. Thus, relative to large craters, small craters are much less (iii)_____ on bodies with dense atmosphere, such as Earth, Venus, and Titan, than they are on Mercury and Moon.

另外要特别留心错一个空的情况

effective obscurers of 这个理解为变模糊

significant filters to 这个理解为有的穿过了

7. Many scholars studying leadership _____ cult of the celebrity that has been fostered both by the media and by politicians’ public relations staffs, arguing that it trivialized politics. 这里有态度

9. The sailors realized too late that winds had shifted the ice in such a way as to obstruct the ship’s path; this process had been so _____ that it was completed by the time they discovered the effect.

注意这个不是说不重要

3. Trying to fix problems that affect vast numbers of people（要对应systemic） has an intuitive appeal that politicians and policymakers find (i)_____, but several warehouses of research studies show that intuition is often a poor guide to fixing (ii)_____ problems.

 

off-putting : that puts one off : repellent, disconcerting

• an off-putting attitude

: to accumulate in or be restricted to a specific or limited area

~an infection that localizes in the ear

 

: of, relating to, or common to a system: such as

a: affecting the body generally

6. Substantial atmosphere around planetary bodies acts as (i)_____ incoming objects. Smaller objects, particularly those that are lower in density and more fragile, (ii)_____ in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, whereas more intact, larger bodies may survive to impact the surface. Thus, relative to large craters, small craters are much less (iii)_____ on bodies with dense atmosphere, such as Earth, Venus, and Titan, than they are on Mercury and Moon.

另外要特别留心错一个空的情况

effective obscurers of 这个理解为变模糊

significant filters to 这个理解为有的穿过了

7. Many scholars studying leadership _____ cult of the celebrity that has been fostered both by the media and by politicians’ public relations staffs, arguing that it trivialized politics. 这里有态度

9. The sailors realized too late that winds had shifted the ice in such a way as to obstruct the ship’s path; this process had been so _____ that it was completed by the time they discovered the effect.

注意这个不是说不重要

这里是说不易察觉

10. What makes the precisely oriented flight of a honeybee swarm to its new home so _____ is that only a small percentage of its members know the swarm travel rout and final destination. (这里是一个不利条件)

因此相当于条件与结果是不对等的 amazing

 

section 95 median

1. Some minor misgivings about the book notwithstanding, the editor’s claim that the work will be recognized as “the authoritative history of sports for this era” is thoroughly _____.

这里前半句让步，因此后面就和让步的反

: not supported by proof or logical demonstration

• undemonstrated faith

2. In the 1630s, directors of the Dutch West India Company received reports of minor problems from their agents with _____, as the company was wealthy enough not to be overly concerned about small frustrations.

这个题相当于选词义

Gratitude : the state of being grateful : thankfulness

• expressed gratitude for their support

: amazement or dismay that hinders or throws into confusion

•the two … stared at each other in consternation, and neither knew what to do

3. Even though the idea that medical research should be rigorously objective is (i)_____ one in the medical community, the editors of medical journals often display a disquieting (ii)_____ when it comes to articles submitted by researchers who accept money from the makers of the products they evaluate in their research; editors rarely ask whether that research is truly disinterested.

: the quality or state of being stringent

: readiness or willingness to believe especially on slight or uncertain evidence

• Her description of the event strains credulity.

: governed or characterized by caprice : impulsive, unpredictable

b: to reduce by analysis

• resolve the problem into simple elements

注意要去找合适的词义

5. An invasive creeping weed native to the Mediterranean region, Cirsium arvense has been present in Yellowstone National Park at least since the nineteen century. Because of its extensive root system（这相当于一个有利条件）, the plant defies attempts to (i)_____ it by normal methods, and consequently, park officials have (ii)_____ efforts to do so. Warming temperature have also (iii)_____ of the thistle’s fortune.

Illuminated a: to make clear : elucidate

b: to bring to the fore : highlight

• a crisis can illuminate how interdependent we all are

注意最后错一个空的这种情况

6. Marie Tharp’s mapping of the ocean floor, which was based on a mass of previously unanalyzed measurements of ocean depth, did not depend on (i)_____ but on (ii)_____: she (iii)_____ the sea floor’s contours by marring the voluminous but incomplete data with her knowledge of geology.

第一空是突出与以往不同

或者根据逻辑排除

: mechanical or unthinking routine or repetition

• a joyless sense of order, rote, and commercial hustle

8. In the nineteenth century, the circus, for all its glitz and even its glamour, was entertainment with an old soul, _____ the fast-forward pace of change in modern life.

这个题换对象

因此是要选一个略微负向的词

2: something that relieves, prevents, or counteracts

• an antidote to boredom

a: to criticize sharply : reprimand

b: to serve as a rebuke to

9. Sokari Douglas Camp was _____ in the early 1990s by many of London’s commercially driven art dealers and galleries, some of whom apparently found her themes difficult to market.

注意6选2 中非常正的反义词不一定是选项

Forsake

: to renounce or turn away from entirely

• friends have forsaken her

• forsook the theater for politics

10. It is troubling that blogs, which may be among the least reliable sources of information in human history, occupy such _____.

注意相对难一点的6选2 可能选的那连个选项看起来不是很合适

但是作为干扰项的选项，可能看起来是一个很好的同义词

这里用troubling 表示取反，空一个正向的

 

section 96 median

1. The anthropologist ______ the claim that the Neanderthal remains must represent an immediate family because they belong to the same mitochondrial lineage, noting that some chimpanzees with identical mitochondrial are not closely related.

根据伴随的句意选

: a thought or idea based on scanty evidence : conjecture

Misapplied

2: to use or spend (something, such as public money) without proper authority

• He also was convicted of misapplying government funds.

2. While the current coffee craze was sparked by the emergence of flavorful, high-quality gourmet varieties, a slew of studies suggesting that concerns about coffee’s health effects may be _____ has nurtured the trend.

注意这个别看乱了，要一眼抓出主干

: a large number

• a slew of books

后面是正向，因此不好的东西负向 负负得正

3. In a sharp blow to his reputation as (i)_____ leader, the evidence that the mayor has recently been involved in malfeasance seems to be (ii)_____.

这个题注意一点是，

类似要形成一个强烈的反差

所以前半句说名誉是 好的

后半句就应该说不好的行为 成立

(1): to be in motion

• A breeze blew gently.

(2): to move with speed or force

• The wind was blowing.

b: to move or run quickly

• The linebacker blew past the tackle.

4. As climate change alters ecosystems, the winners are going to be the (i)_____ foragers, likes grizzlies that eat everything from ants to moose, and the losers are going to be those species that are too (ii)_____ （这一空要和前文描述的特征取反去选）to adjust.

Voracious

1: having a huge appetite : ravenous

2: excessively eager : insatiable

• a voracious reader

5. The Golden Gates Bridge has been quite (i)_____ by most aesthetic and functional criteria. However, as a structure it has had some limitations. Shortly after it opened, its roadway proved to be (ii)_____ under certain wind conditions, so it was stiffened. The additional steel that provided that stiffening naturally added weight to the structure, and this made it (iii)_____ later to add a proposed rail system beneath the roadway.

第二个空照顾了一下前文

overly flexible 不是全盘否的

6. The prime minister underestimates the fatigue that her continual (i)_____ induces, even among those who are largely (ii)_____ her aims. Constantly referring to the bold challenges and tremendous opportunities that she and the country face, the prime minister insists that she is (iii)_____ the country, when most people would be grateful if she succeeded just in improving it a bit.

首先看最后一句in improving it a bit 说明前文可能有几个巨变

对比取反 对应第三空

第一句根据fatigue 推测下一个空填一个负向的词，根据并列的第二句，选一个负向词义

第二个空用even取反 正向词

就是说即使判断完了方向还是要根据词义去选择

考场上，大部分题第一次选不出来，就大概率一直选不出来了

9. Although _____ to please his audiences, Mozart was, at the same time, fully aware of his musical genius and had no intention（意思取反） of compromising his music.

1: to give a tendency to : incline

• faulty diet disposes one to sickness

2 a: to put in place : set in readiness : arrange

• disposing troops for withdrawal

 

section 97 median

1. Even months after massive storm, there remained a heavy, suspended sediment load in the surface water overlying the coral reef, the _____ water a testament to the storm’s effects.

填空一定要找到表示词义的地方，尤其时单空 6选2

Fathomless

: incapable of being fathomed : immeasurable

• fathomless powers of gravity and chemistry

b: repulsive

• a brackish personality

1. No one (i)_____ that building a ship powered by black holes or dark matter would be a formidable task. Yet remarkably there seems to be nothing in our present understanding of physics that (ii)_____ our doing so.

a: in addition : besides

• gives yet another reason

注意yet 不一定转折

2: force, compel

• was necessitated to choose some other route

1 a: the quality or state of being mediocre

• came to terms with his mediocrity

b: moderate ability or value

• fed up with the mediocrity of the local schools

5. It is only recently that emotion has attracted any substantial scholar attention, with historians lagging behind anthropologists, sociologists, and philosophers in their willingness to (i)_____ emotion as subject worthy of scholarly attention. In the past, scholars viewed emotion as a natural and essential force that (ii)_____ analysis—a strictly private matte—and therefore (iii)_____ social life and the stuff of research.

用In the past 和 第一句的attracted

判断前半句是负态度 后一句是正态度

6. The art of letter writing is like the art of acting in that it is the impression of (i)______ which usually makes a performance convincing. Great letter writers, like great actors, have a gift for (ii)_____, for the here and now, the depth of expression depending on its closeness to actual processes of thought. By these criteria Ellen Terry was a remarkable letter writer indeed: her letters invariably have an air of (iii)_____.

三空取同，注意不要乱加语义

: sympathetic consciousness of others' distress together with a desire to alleviate it

7. Patterson thought the waste leaking into the river was _____ situation: by contrast, judging from their silence on the matter, the owners of the factory felt the problem did not require immediate action.

注意这里有by contrast 同时换对象了

: lacking physical, mental, or moral vigor : enervated

8. Some historians represent the East India Company as _____ participant in political and military conflict in India, only taking an interest in territorial power and revenue as a last-ditch effort to protect its trading activities.

想说什么

9. Very few companies take the trouble to discover where the wood in their products originates, consumers do not demand this information, and consequently _____ regarding illicit timber has become the norm.

这里有两个对象，然后就是说的consumer 不关心， 导致companies 不关心对应第一半句

3: the anger and resentment aroused by injury or insult

• Many people expressed outrage at the court's decision.

10. Scientists are investigating odors so faint that people cannot _____ them in order to see whether such odors can nevertheless change the way people interact.

 

section 98 hard

1. By cosmic standards, Earth and its fellow terrestrial planets are chemical _____: they consist of primarily four elements (iron, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen) that are rare elsewhere in the universe.

注意这种单空题一般就选单词含义

要看选项中哪一个单词能够表现短句的含义

Malefactor : one who commits an offense against the law;especially : felon

单空就是根据句子选词义

3: sanction, approval

• went ahead without the endorsement of his boss

leniency 1: the quality or state of being lenient

• the leniency of the punishment

4. Catherine the Great comes across in her memoirs as (i)_____ ruler with a razor-sharp intellect, letting nothing stand in the way of her ambitions. In short, the impression the memoirs give is entirely in accord with her reputation for being (ii)_____.

两空取同

5. Despite the (i)_____ in negotiations apparently signaled by the recent agreement between the two neighboring countries, the countries remain (ii)_____ even about the import of that agreement. One wants to prolong agreed—to resumption of limited cross—border traffic, believing it can become entrenched as a new status quo. The other, by contrast, insists that the resumption is (iii)_____ and has been undertaken voluntarily and provisionally in order to show goodwill.

注意填空标号是不现实的，是要求短时记忆的

但是一定要明白争执的点，在哪

Entrench这个是确立的意思

要在做题的时候想象成是因为无聊而撇了一眼题目，这样的心态去做题

6. One of the fundamental problems with learning mathematics is that while the number sense may be (i)_____, exact calculation requires cultural tools—symbols and algorithms—that are relatively new and must therefore be absorbed by areas of the brain designed for other purposes, which is easier when what we are learning (ii)_____ our built-in circuitry. With an understanding of it we can at least (iii)_____ our teaching methods by reflecting on the constraints it imposes.

这里的意思就是说在采用教学方法的时候考虑到这些因素

: to provide or serve as a remedy for : relieve

• remedy a social evil

 

section 99 hard

2. The novel presents him as a man who monitors his state of mind and emotions as though he were doing so _____, taking and thinking about himself as if he were someone else.

你看这明显就是在解释一个词

(2): arising or acting from outside

• an external force

3. The prosecutor belied his hard-boiled reputation by submitting (i)_____ queries to the witness and accepting in turn (ii)_____ responses.

这一空的强词 ，

4. Proffering one increasingly improbable scene character after another, (i)_____ by the constraint of realism, the novel revels in this (ii)_____ by ever more brazenly defying its readers’ presumed expectations.

Improbable  : unlikely to be true or to occur;also : unlikely but real or true

Liberated : freed from or opposed to traditional social and sexual attitudes or roles

• a liberated woman

• a liberated marriage

: to entangle or hamper : fetter  这个词更倾向于束缚

• allowed himself to become entrammeled by convention and society

: the quality or state of being exiguous : scantiness

oppressively or unpleasantly dull : lifeless

• ponderous prose

distillation a: the process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation

reappropriation  : the act of reappropriating

6. Sometimes the criteria that are used to categorize nation-states are purely factual: for example, the denotation of a state as a coastal state or an inland state. But most state labels have a predominantly (i)_____ character. Labels such as failed state or democratic state tend to be accepted only by those who (ii)_____ the assumptions that (iii)_____ such a marker.

such as failed state or democratic state 这个是评价

显然不是功能

也没有pejorative的倾向性

第二个空对应前文的label 这里没有倾向性

要明白第一个标红的部分就说明了这个题不能选择有倾向性的

由第二个空选第三个空

1: the act or process of specifying

 

8. The apparent simplicity of savanna or a prairie landscape is illusory, but the illusion takes real effort to _____ because much of what actually occurs in these places takes place underground.

注意这句话的主语

: to drive away or cause to vanish by or as if by scattering : dissipate

• dispel a rumor

dismiss

3 a: to reject serious consideration of

• dismissed the thought

immaterial

2: of no substantial consequence : unimportant

reparation a: a repairing or keeping in repair

: an expression of strong disapproval

• an indictment of government policy on immigrants

 

section 100 hard

Commandeer

2: to take arbitrary or forcible possession of

• The city commandeered 60 acres of the property by eminent domain for a new high school.

to raise trivial and frivolous objection

• The author caviled about the design of the book's cover.

: to interpret (something, such as a statement or action) wrongly : misinterpret

• misconstrued her words/meaning/silence

: having little substance or strength : flimsy, weak

• tenuous influences

a: perceptive, refined

• a writer's sharp and subtle moral sense

2: to cause to become nervous : upset

b: actively expressed opposition or hostility

• antagonism between factions

5. Appreciating that mathematical notation presents a major roadblock to many students, some well-meaning educators (i)_____ them by (ii)_____ the use of notation; but this is an unfortunate detour, since practice with notation (iii)_____ the important skill of reasoning.

一定要注意每个小半句重复的什么

to direct or require (someone) to do something

• a commission mandated to investigate corruption

6. Having an intense and long-standing culture of (i)_____, the company understandably has a reputation as the supreme corporate (ii)_____. But even by these standard, the degree of secrecy surrounding the company’s most recent research is (iii)_____.

这个题是通过过去的好，来凸显现在的非凡

7. If Wilson’s article style changed overtime, it was in the wrong retrograde direction, _____ experimentation and inclining toward works that seemed hobbled by a fear of risk.

: to carry out experiments : try out a new procedure, idea, or activity

to avoid habitually especially on moral or practical grounds : shun

: an agreement or pledge to do something in the future

• a commitment to improve conditions at the prison

the property of maintaining a satisfactorily high level (as of prices or economic activity)

• betting that the economy will maintain its buoyancy

 

section 102 medium

Expeditious

: marked by or acting with prompt efficiency

Vibrant a (1): pulsating with life, vigor, or activity

• a vibrant personality

evocative : evoking or tending to evoke an especially emotional response

• settings … so evocative that they bring tears to the eyes

archetype

a perfect example

• He is the archetype of a successful businessman.

2. The evidence depicts an _____ system of tree inspections and care, one in which the crucial job of spotting dangers is left to untrained workers, and essential repairs and pruning are delayed to save money.

注意这个描述的特点

同向 选负评价

Unflagging

1: not flagging : tireless

• unflagging enthusiasm

2: unrelenting

: excessively eager

• an overeager look in her eyes

5. Overall, fish farming may provide a (i)_____ wild fish stocks, but for certain species, the farmers cause a net loss of wild fish. Some fish farmers use upwards of five kilograms of wild fish as feed to grow one kilogram of carnivorous species like sea bass. Such (ii)_____ feed （注意这里的指代是说的胃口大）plus other environmental side effects undermine the expected (iii)_____ fish farming.

spellbind

• I found myself mesmerized by the grandiosity of it all

: tending to elude: such as

a: tending to evade grasp or pursuit

• elusive prey

10. Another challenge to biologists and land-use planners alike is that while human-induced changes to the landscape are somethings _____, they can nevertheless drastically alter the habitat for some plants and animals.

注意这个逻辑

: not disputable : unquestionable

• indisputable proof

 

section 103 medium

2: tending to excite or inflame : inflammatory

• incendiary speeches

: brilliantly or showily bright, colorful, or impressive

• dazzling lights

3. Psychologists note that in making purchase decisions, consumers often unconsciously use mental shortcuts,（第二空对应这个词） such as familiarity with a brand name to (i)_____ routine problems efficiently. Thus, part of what companies aim for developing a brand is very specifically to (ii)_____ consumers’ conscious thought.

: impossible to comprehend : unintelligible

• incomprehensible instructions

注意看下面这段话，我感觉考试的时候就是这个感觉

5. The essential difference between writing nonfiction and fiction is that the artist can (i)_____ a completed vision of the world, while the journalist never can, the real world being always (ii)_____. 这里对比一个complete另一个自然是unfinished，同时补全前面的动词Art provides freedom from the bewildering complexities（这就是不清晰，指示了下文选的词义） of constant change. Indeed, it is the very (iii)_____ of well-wrought fiction that can sometimes make it fell more real than reality.

1: the quality, state, or fact of being rare

: providing amusement or entertainment

• a diverting evening

6. Excitement is often considered anathema in science writing because it interjects the scientist’s emotion and values into the work. Indeed, one should not be too quick to (i)_____ of science. At the same time, however, this (ii)_____ stance can occasionally be (iii)_____, cloaking more than it reveals.

注意这个逻辑

第一句说不要感情

第二个indeed让步自然是要感情

就是说一定要理解，到目前这句话逻辑到了什么位置了

同时这一个空是对应的哪一个词

Inhibited 1: to prohibit from doing something

2 a: to hold in check : restrain

8. It’s true that occasional _____ entries might have been edited without damaging the diary’s overall impact, but the very completeness of Clara’s eloquent reflections conveys a strong sense of the density of a young woman’s experiences.

像这个就是需要向下看看出此空的词义

9. Berwick, middle-aged, soft-spoken, and _____, with a keen sense of how to use this apparent ordinariness to his advantage,（注意要体现这一点） began with a gripping story about how a firefighter saved himself during a forest fire by using a completely improbable tactic.

: not placable : not capable of being appeased, significantly changed, or mitigated

• an implacable enemy

1: poised and serene especially in the face of setbacks or confusion

题目做错的就是没有找到该空的对应词，以及此句属于哪一方立场

: marked by or given to speech or writing that is given exaggerated importance by artificial or empty means : marked by or given to bombast : pompous, overblown

1: capable of winning favor : pleasing

• an ingratiating smile

 

section 104 hard

1. The tenor of Me, as indicated by the title, tends to be _____, sometimes insufferably so.

A. self-effacing

B. panegyric

C. vainglorious

: marked by vainglory : boastful

D. discursive

E. overmodest

这个题就是直接对单词了

a: to regard as a characteristic of a person or thing

• should not attribute adult reasoning to children

a: moving or extending in different directions from a common point : diverging from each other

• divergent paths

一定看，通过这些句子，想体现出什么词义

4. Scientists suspect that athletes may experience augmented bloodstream levels of the hormone oxytocin during competition. (i)_____ considerations, however, make it difficult to (ii)_____ oxytocin levels during sports events: few will willingly interrupt player in the middle of a game in order for scientists to test players’ blood.

这个是实际的考虑

: concerned with voluntary action and ethical decisions

• practical reason

注意这个并不是来说是不是道德之类的

: conforming to accepted standards of conduct

• ethical behavior

5. Give a computer (i)_____ task—winning at chess, say, or predicting the weather—and the machine bests humans nearly every time. Yet when problems are (ii)_____, or require combining varied sources, computers are (iii)_____ human intelligence.

第二个空和well-defined 反选nuance

就是说define 的并不是这样好

: a subtle distinction or variation

• Nuances of flavor and fragrance cannot be described accurately …

2: clearly stated or described

• well-defined policies

还有一个理解  nuance 是不易察觉的

6. With the grand ambition of sending unbreakable coded messages, some physicists are using exotic tools—quantum mechanics and streams of individual photons—to shut out (i)_____. But a wire and a few resistors may (ii)_____ a message as securely, according to a physicist who claims to have devised a simple and uncrackable scheme. The idea shows that more (iii)_____ methods might compete with budding quantum cryptography.

注意这个题的转折的点是防止解密的难易

7. Contrary to popular myth, cockroaches are not especially tough or radiation resistant; indeed, they are pretty _____ as insects go.

特殊与一般

8. Scientific discovery calls for a difficult balance: intrepid advocacy of new ideas must often be _____ by the results of self-imposed trials.

intrepid advocacy 与隐含的问题

6选2 一时看不出来就找同义词

: not impeded or restrained : not hampered

• unhampered freedom/authority

preface

• 2: the introductory remarks of a speaker or author
• 3: approach, preliminary

preempt

5: to prevent from happening or taking place : forestall, preclude

9. Reuters are not against _____ noteworthy architecture but suggests a cap on the amount to be protected at any one time: if you want to protect another ancient building, one should come off the list.
这个题冒号后面重复保护所以就一个保护逻辑

10. Jaime Javier Rodriguez notes that popular art forms often conceal a daunting complexity: frequently what appears _____ becomes intricate and challenging when closely examined.

俗套 和challenging

: tiresome because of length or dullness : boring

• a tedious public ceremony

1: emptied of or lacking content

2: marked by lack of ideas or intelligence : stupid, inane

• a vacuous mind

• a vacuous movie

注意无聊的东西不一定空洞

 

section 105 hard

1. Although not enough to _____ the conventional view of the manuscript’s provenance, the new study was thought to have weakened the prevailing theory considerably.

Weaken程度取反

Resurrect

1: to raise from the dead

2: to bring to view, attention, or use again

1. The economist argued that however much the government might trumpet the value of _____, it had been as bold as any other in its spending programs.

Bold 反

1. She knew well, from experience with hundreds of hired crew members on her boats, how (i)_____ attitudes can be: one negative influence can impel an otherwise (ii)_____ member of a crew to quit.

Quit 这个状态反

3: spreading or capable of spreading rapidly to others

• their enthusiasm was infectious

: lacking taste or savor : tasteless

• insipid food

: not put to a test : not proved by trial or experience

• untested new drugs

1. Recently the novelist has (i)_____ the radically experimental forms with which he made his reputation in favor of more (ii)_____ narratives, fencing in and turning an imagination meant to run wild（注意这里是解释imagination）.

1 a: to enclose with a fence

1. It is plausible to regard a collection of letters spanning youth and old age as (i)_____ of autobiography: the precession of characters who inhabit a life and a chronology of incidents turn up reliably in either form. Yet autobiography, even when ostensibly steeped in candor, tends toward (ii)_____ through later perspectives, afterwords, and second thoughts, whereas letters have an undeniable (iii)_____, offering select glimpses of the fraught and living moment.

这个题后半部分是说不同 ，就是不同和相同反

Yet 之后是second thoughts 和 此时想法反

3: an established form or procedure that is required or conventional

• the interview was just a formality

1. The nature of our recollection is (i)_____. One memory can seem (ii)_____ whereas another must be coaxed out of our brain little by little. Although a moment that excites our emotions is more likely to be recorded than a (iii)_____ experience, the sensory qualities of an event also play a part in how vividly and accurately we remember it.

这里第二个空的点是 反little by little

如果要反vague 应该对应清晰

c: to make known or public

• would not disclose his salary

to make known (something, such as a confidence or secret)

• refused to divulge the name of her informant

8.A closer examination of the author’s footnotes explains the datedness of his argument: he has ignored most of the recent work in the field, drawing instead mainly on research that is now decidedly _____.

Recent 和过时

: to cause disbelief in the accuracy or authority of

• a discredited theory

9. The environmental threat posed by the New Zealand mud snail, an invasive species, is _____ by the snail’s small size, which(facilitate 得到语义) facilitates its spread across watersheds through human activity.

10. Although the Kuiper Belt—the icy region of the solar system where Pluto orbits—was once much more crowded, today it has such a low density of objects that collisions between them are _____.

正常逻辑 少了 然后就会少碰撞

2: being contrary to what is reasonable, desirable, or probable : being out of the question

1: not capable of being grasped by the mind

 

section 106 hard

4. Among the most popular Currier&levs lithographic prints in nineteenth-century America were bird’s-eye views of great cities such as New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. These were edited into books, and the cities’ (i)_____ meant that new views were (ii)_____ for successive editions.

一定要找到同义替换词

这里不是特别好填

但是这里有 new view 所以要选一个发展感觉的

6. Environmental models—mathematical representations designed to stimulate natural systems— are regularly used by litigants in legal disputes over environmental issues. (The first sentence does convey any preference) Unfortunately (so the next two blanks should be negative) , the (i)_____ scientific model is (ii)_____ in environmental tort litigation. Because of the adversarial nature of litigation, models are often used by one side to (iii)_____ empirical evidence presented by the other. And because modeling is a particularly technical field, the task of asserting a given model’s relevance and reliability may exceed the abilities of judge and juries.

(What’s more, you can realize that the last sentence is trying to explain the word “obfuscate”. Or, without any words to change the altitude, it’s safe to choose a negative word)

7. Williams finds the appearance of Whitman’s Leaves of Grass in 1855 nearly _____ given the immense disparity between Whitman’s earlier published works, which Williams finds dismal, and the consummate mastery of Leaves.

Oracular : resembling an oracle (as in solemnity of delivery)

For this sentence, I want to mention that, you should notice the “between … and”.
8. Carr insists that the so-called information society might be more accurately described as the interruption society: it _____ attention, the scarcest of all resources, and stuffs the mind trivia.

To create a wrong choice—without any other words to make a pair.

Another significant thing is, you should try to spot the parallel part in the sentence and the links like “and”.

9. Of all the singer’s works, this album is the most dependent on the musical conventions of her day; it was both the least _____ of her albums and the most commercially successful.

What you really not to know is how to find to right word to paraphrase certain parts of the sentence.

Spearhead: a leading element, force, or influence in an undertaking or development

 

section 107 median

1. Once so fluid, the political situation had, two years after the declaration of the Republic, _____ so much that further change seemed inconceivable.

subject to change or movement

.2. Paul Robeson. Jr. wrote that his father was a flesh-and-blood artist whose accomplishments made him susceptible to hagiographic treatment by potential biographers. Robeson’s achievements were real, and there was no need for _____.

Disclosure : the act or an instance of disclosing : exposure

: the quality or state of being reticent : reserve, restraint

: to search out and publicly expose real or apparent misconduct of a prominent individual or business

2: an act of retracting : the state of being retracted

3. The scientists who first proposed that Moon’s craters had resulted from impacts (i)_____（this blank need a predicate）(and the sentences below descript some phenomena conflict with each other, so this is a difficulty): almost all of these craters were circular, and yet most impactors in heliocentric orbit would have an oblique path and hence would be expected to form (ii)_____ craters.

4. When the United States government created the Post Office at the founding of the republic, it didn’t invite rival postal firms to compete; in fact, it created a monopoly.(For the first sentence, it creates a negative phenomenon, when “however” appears, the next sentence should talk about something positive)(so generally, there are two parts of these sentences) That monopoly, however, was (i)_____ free expression because of policies Congress adopted, which (ii)_____ the circulation of newspapers irrespective of their viewpoint and spread postal service throughout the country.

5. The cowbird can seem a rather comical creature with a slow, awkward walk and often upraised tail. (To accomplish this blank, we need to spot where is the comparison) Less (i)_____ is the cowbirds’ habit of laying their eggs in the nests of other birds. The (ii)_____ nesters will usually accept the cowbird egg and raise the baby cowbird as their own. Unfortunately, cowbird eggs hatch sooner than the eggs of other species and the young cowbirds (iii)_____, using their size to their advantage in getting more food from the parents.

Galling markedly irritating : vexing

• a most galling defeat

6. The scientist (i)_____ that the now familiar term “global warming” is (ii)_____, arguing that the atmospheric buildup of long-lived greenhouse gases is setting in motion centuries of shifts in climate patterns, coastlines, water resources, and ecosystems—hardly (iii)_____ one would describe with a gentle word like “warming”.

You should not choose the word “denied” or “doubted” for the first sentence, because one denies somethings means he beliefs the opposite position of this holds true.

 

Enigma something hard to understand or explain

7. Nature-loving pilgrims from the eastern United States altered the country’s attitude toward California’s sequoia groves, transforming those stands of great trees from scientific curiosities to places of _____.

Pilgrim 2: one who travels to a shrine or holy place as a devotee

Reverence honor or respect felt or shown : deference;especially : profound adoring awed respect

8. Established scientists recognize that peer review of manuscripts submitted to scientific journals is critical to science(you need to find the right subject in this sentence), but this recognition _____ a certain ambivalence in them, since reviewing takes time away from their research.

The first part states an advantage, and the second part states a disadvantage.

9. Despite ______ leaving their old jobs behind, workers were eager to move because there were to be no layoffs under the union contract at the new location.

the act of laying off an employee or a workforce;also : shutdown

a feeling of doubt or suspicion especially concerning a future event

• Many people have expressed misgivings about his ability to do the job.