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USB总线-Linux内核USB3.0主机控制器驱动框架分析（十二）_linux usb控制器

作者：羊村懒王 | 2024-03-16 03:30:42

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linux usb控制器

1.概述

如下图所示，Linux内核中USB主机体系结构由五部分组成，分别为Application Software、USB Class Driver、USB Core(USB Driver)、USB Host Controller Driver、USB Host Controller。应用程序处于用户空间，通过系统调用访问Class Driver，从而间接的访问USB设备，如主机端的应用程序aplay、arecord可以访问USB音频设备。Class Driver是某一类设备驱动，不同类设备会匹配不同的Class Driver，如USB音频设备会匹配Audio驱动，USB存储设备会匹配Mass Storage驱动，鼠标和键盘会匹配HID驱动。USB Core(USB Driver)是内核设计的一个抽象层，目的是将Class Driver和USB Host Controller Driver分隔开，使两者都依赖一个稳定的中间层；USB Core(USB Driver)向上提供通信接口，向下统一管理USB设备，同时完成USB设备和USB Class Driver的匹配工作。USB Host Controller目前有4种不同的硬件级接口标准，分别为OHCI、UHCI、EHCI、xHCI，OHCI和UHCI实现了USB1.1，EHCI实现了USB2.0，xHCI实现了USB3.2，不同的接口标准都有对应的USB Host Controller Driver，如xHCI对应于xhci-hcd驱动，向下兼容OHCI和EHCI。最底层是USB Host Controller硬件。下面将分别介绍Linux内核中USB主机体系结构USB Class Driver、USB Core(USB Driver)、USB Host Controller Driver四个部分。

USB主机框架图

USB总线框架图

2.USB Class Driver

Linux内核使用struct usb_driver数据结构描述USB Class Driver，使用usb_register和usb_deregister注册、注销struct usb_driver。USB Class Driver可以使用module_usb_driver宏定义注册驱动。需要注意的是，USB Class Driver是针对USB接口的，如果一个设备是复合设备，每个接口都有不同的功能，则每个接口都有对应的USB Class Driver。主机枚举设备的时候，会识别每个接口的功能同时匹配对应的struct usb_driver，匹配成功后struct usb_driver的probe函数被调用。

[include/linux/usb.h]
struct usb_driver {
	const char *name; /* USB Class Driver名称，必须唯一且和模块名称一样 */
	/* 当USB设备的接口和驱动匹配成功后，该函数被调用 */
	int (*probe) (struct usb_interface *intf,
		    const struct usb_device_id *id);
	/* 断开USB设备或者卸载驱动模块时调用 */
	void (*disconnect) (struct usb_interface *intf);
	/* usbf接口，用户空间可以通过该函数和驱动通信 */
	int (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct usb_interface *intf,
		unsigned int code, void *buf);
	/* 功耗管理相关函数 */
	int (*suspend) (struct usb_interface *intf, pm_message_t message);
	int (*resume) (struct usb_interface *intf);
	int (*reset_resume)(struct usb_interface *intf);
	/* Called by usb_reset_device() when the device is about to be
	 * reset.  This routine must not return until the driver has no active
	 * URBs for the device, and no more URBs may be submitted until the
	 * post_reset method is called. 
	 */
	int (*pre_reset)(struct usb_interface *intf);
	/* Called by usb_reset_device() after the device has been reset */
	int (*post_reset)(struct usb_interface *intf);
	/* 用于匹配USB Class Driver */
	const struct usb_device_id *id_table;
	const struct attribute_group **dev_groups;
	struct usb_dynids dynids;
	struct usbdrv_wrap drvwrap;
	unsigned int no_dynamic_id:1;
	/* if set to 0, the USB core will not allow autosuspend for
	 * interfaces bound to this driver */
	unsigned int supports_autosuspend:1;
	/* if set to 1, the USB core will not allow hubs
     * to initiate lower power link state transitions when an idle timeout
     * occurs. Device-initiated USB 3.0 link PM will still be allowed.
     */
	unsigned int disable_hub_initiated_lpm:1;
    /* if set to 1, the USB core will not kill URBs and disable
     * endpoints before calling the driver's disconnect method.
	 */
	unsigned int soft_unbind:1;
	......
};
/*
 * use these in module_init()/module_exit()
 * and don't forget MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(usb, ...)
 */
extern int usb_register_driver(struct usb_driver *, struct module *,
			       const char *);

/* use a define to avoid include chaining to get THIS_MODULE & friends */
#define usb_register(driver) \
	usb_register_driver(driver, THIS_MODULE, KBUILD_MODNAME)

extern void usb_deregister(struct usb_driver *);
/**
 * module_usb_driver() - Helper macro for registering a USB driver
 * @__usb_driver: usb_driver struct
 *
 * Helper macro for USB drivers which do not do anything special in module
 * init/exit. This eliminates a lot of boilerplate. Each module may only
 * use this macro once, and calling it replaces module_init() and module_exit()
 */
#define module_usb_driver(__usb_driver) \
	module_driver(__usb_driver, usb_register, usb_deregister)

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下面是USB Mass Storage的USB Class Driver定义，使用module_usb_stor_driver宏进行注册。U盘、USB硬盘都使用下面的驱动。

[drivers/usb/storage/usb.c]
#define DRV_NAME "usb-storage"
static struct usb_driver usb_storage_driver = {
	.name                 =		DRV_NAME,
	.probe                =	    storage_probe,
	.disconnect           =	    usb_stor_disconnect,
	.suspend              =	    usb_stor_suspend,
	.resume               =	    usb_stor_resume,
	.reset_resume         =	    usb_stor_reset_resume,
	.pre_reset            =	    usb_stor_pre_reset,
	.post_reset           =	    usb_stor_post_reset,
	.id_table             =	    usb_storage_usb_ids,
	.supports_autosuspend =     1,
	.soft_unbind          =	    1,
};
module_usb_stor_driver(usb_storage_driver, usb_stor_host_template, DRV_NAME);

[drivers/usb/storage/usb.h]
#define module_usb_stor_driver(__driver, __sht, __name) \
static int __init __driver##_init(void) \
{ \
	usb_stor_host_template_init(&(__sht), __name, THIS_MODULE); \
	return usb_register(&(__driver)); \
} \
module_init(__driver##_init); \
static void __exit __driver##_exit(void) \
{ \
	usb_deregister(&(__driver)); \
} \
module_exit(__driver##_exit)

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3.USB Core(USB Driver)

USB Core(USB Driver)有三个功能，第一是向USB Class Driver提供通信接口，第二是匹配驱动，第三是管理USB Device。

3.1.通信接口

USB Core(USB Driver)层封装了USB Request Block数据结构，即struct urb。USB Class Driver只需要分配并填充struct urb，然后调用通信接口将struct urb提交到USB Core(USB Driver)层即可完成和USB设备的通信。

[include/linux/usb.h]
struct urb {
	/* private: usb core and host controller only fields in the urb */
	struct kref kref;		/* reference count of the URB */
	int unlinked;			/* unlink error code */
	void *hcpriv;			/* private data for host controller */
	atomic_t use_count;		/* concurrent submissions counter */
	atomic_t reject;		/* submissions will fail */

	/* public: documented fields in the urb that can be used by drivers */
	struct list_head urb_list;	/* list head for use by the urb's current owner */
	struct list_head anchor_list;	/* the URB may be anchored */
	struct usb_anchor *anchor;
	struct usb_device *dev;		/* (in) pointer to associated device */
	struct usb_host_endpoint *ep;	/* (internal) pointer to endpoint */
	unsigned int pipe;		/* (in) pipe information */
	unsigned int stream_id;		/* (in) stream ID */
	int status;			/* (return) non-ISO status */
	unsigned int transfer_flags;	/* (in) URB_SHORT_NOT_OK | ...*/
	void *transfer_buffer;		/* (in) associated data buffer */
	dma_addr_t transfer_dma;	/* (in) dma addr for transfer_buffer */
	struct scatterlist *sg;		/* (in) scatter gather buffer list */
	int num_mapped_sgs;		/* (internal) mapped sg entries */
	int num_sgs;			/* (in) number of entries in the sg list */
	u32 transfer_buffer_length;	/* (in) data buffer length */
	u32 actual_length;		/* (return) actual transfer length */
	unsigned char *setup_packet;	/* (in) setup packet (control only) */
	dma_addr_t setup_dma;		/* (in) dma addr for setup_packet */
	int start_frame;		/* (modify) start frame (ISO) */
	int number_of_packets;		/* (in) number of ISO packets */
	int interval;			/* (modify) transfer interval (INT/ISO) */
	int error_count;		/* (return) number of ISO errors */
	void *context;			/* (in) context for completion */
	usb_complete_t complete;	/* (in) completion routine */
	......
};

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主要的通信接口定义如下，包含分配、释放、填充、提交和取消URB。提交URB的接口包含了同步接口和异步接口，异步接口经过封装得到同步接口。内核没有封装ISOC传输类型的同步接口，因此ISOC传输只能使用异步接口。

/* initializes a control urb */
static inline void usb_fill_control_urb(struct urb *urb,
	struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe,
	unsigned char *setup_packet, void *transfer_buffer,
	int buffer_length, usb_complete_t complete_fn, void *context)
{
	......
}
/* macro to help initialize a bulk urb */
static inline void usb_fill_bulk_urb(struct urb *urb,
	struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe,
	void *transfer_buffer, int buffer_length,
	usb_complete_t complete_fn, void *context)
{
	......
}
/* macro to help initialize a interrupt urb */
static inline void usb_fill_int_urb(struct urb *urb,
	struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe,
	void *transfer_buffer, int buffer_length,
	usb_complete_t complete_fn, void *context, int interval)
{
	......
}
extern void usb_init_urb(struct urb *urb);
extern struct urb *usb_alloc_urb(int iso_packets, gfp_t mem_flags);
extern void usb_free_urb(struct urb *urb);

/* issue an asynchronous transfer request for an endpoint */
extern int usb_submit_urb(struct urb *urb, gfp_t mem_flags);
/* abort/cancel a transfer request for an endpoint */
extern int usb_unlink_urb(struct urb *urb);

/* Builds a control urb, sends it off and waits for completion */
extern int usb_control_msg(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe,
	__u8 request, __u8 requesttype, __u16 value, __u16 index,
	void *data, __u16 size, int timeout);
/* Builds an interrupt urb, sends it off and waits for completion */
extern int usb_interrupt_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev, unsigned int pipe,
	void *data, int len, int *actual_length, int timeout);
/* Builds a bulk urb, sends it off and waits for completion */
extern int usb_bulk_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev, unsigned int pipe,
	void *data, int len, int *actual_length, int timeout);

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通信的目的由pipe表示，pipe的位定义如下所示，其包含了USB设备地址、传输类型、传输方向、端点编号信息。内核提供了一系列定义pipe和解析pipe的宏定义，驱动可以直接使用。

/*
 * For various legacy reasons, Linux has a small cookie that's paired with
 * a struct usb_device to identify an endpoint queue.  Queue characteristics
 * are defined by the endpoint's descriptor.  This cookie is called a "pipe",
 * an unsigned int encoded as:
 *
 *  - direction:	bit 7		(0 = Host-to-Device [Out],
 *					 1 = Device-to-Host [In] ...
 *					like endpoint bEndpointAddress)
 *  - device address:	bits 8-14       ... bit positions known to uhci-hcd
 *  - endpoint:		bits 15-18      ... bit positions known to uhci-hcd
 *  - pipe type:	bits 30-31	(00 = isochronous, 01 = interrupt,
 *					 10 = control, 11 = bulk)
 *
 * Given the device address and endpoint descriptor, pipes are redundant.
 */

/* NOTE:  these are not the standard USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_* values!! */
/* (yet ... they're the values used by usbfs) */
#define PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS		0
#define PIPE_INTERRUPT			1
#define PIPE_CONTROL			2
#define PIPE_BULK			3

#define usb_pipein(pipe)	((pipe) & USB_DIR_IN)
#define usb_pipeout(pipe)	(!usb_pipein(pipe))

#define usb_pipedevice(pipe)	(((pipe) >> 8) & 0x7f)
#define usb_pipeendpoint(pipe)	(((pipe) >> 15) & 0xf)

#define usb_pipetype(pipe)	(((pipe) >> 30) & 3)
#define usb_pipeisoc(pipe)	(usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS)
#define usb_pipeint(pipe)	(usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_INTERRUPT)
#define usb_pipecontrol(pipe)	(usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_CONTROL)
#define usb_pipebulk(pipe)	(usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_BULK)

static inline unsigned int __create_pipe(struct usb_device *dev,
		unsigned int endpoint)
{
	return (dev->devnum << 8) | (endpoint << 15);
}

/* Create various pipes... */
#define usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_CONTROL << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint))
#define usb_rcvctrlpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_CONTROL << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN)
#define usb_sndisocpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint))
#define usb_rcvisocpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN)
#define usb_sndbulkpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_BULK << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint))
#define usb_rcvbulkpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_BULK << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN)
#define usb_sndintpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_INTERRUPT << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint))
#define usb_rcvintpipe(dev, endpoint)	\
	((PIPE_INTERRUPT << 30) | __create_pipe(dev, endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN)

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创建pipe需要两个参数，一个是struct usb_device和endpoint，endpoint为端点描述符中的bEndpointAddress。当USB Class Driver的probe函数被调用时，内核会传入一个和该驱动匹配成功的接口的数据结构，即struct usb_interface。驱动可以通过interface_to_usbdev函数从struct usb_interface获取struct usb_device，endpoint通过usb_find_xx系列函数中获取(ISOC传输需要驱动自己从struct usb_host_interface数据结构中解析)。

[include/linux/usb.h]
struct usb_interface {
	/* array of alternate settings for this interface,
	 * stored in no particular order */
	struct usb_host_interface *altsetting;

	struct usb_host_interface *cur_altsetting;	/* the currently
					 * active alternate setting */
	unsigned num_altsetting;	/* number of alternate settings */

	/* If there is an interface association descriptor then it will list
	 * the associated interfaces */
	struct usb_interface_assoc_descriptor *intf_assoc;

	int minor;			/* minor number this interface is bound to */
	enum usb_interface_condition condition;		/* state of binding */
	unsigned sysfs_files_created:1;	/* the sysfs attributes exist */
	unsigned ep_devs_created:1;	/* endpoint "devices" exist */
	unsigned unregistering:1;	/* unregistration is in progress */
	unsigned needs_remote_wakeup:1;	/* driver requires remote wakeup */
	unsigned needs_altsetting0:1;	/* switch to altsetting 0 is pending */
	unsigned needs_binding:1;	/* needs delayed unbind/rebind */
	unsigned resetting_device:1;	/* true: bandwidth alloc after reset */
	unsigned authorized:1;		/* used for interface authorization */

	struct device dev;		/* interface specific device info */
	struct device *usb_dev;
	struct work_struct reset_ws;	/* for resets in atomic context */
	......
};
#define	to_usb_device(d) container_of(d, struct usb_device, dev)

static inline struct usb_device *interface_to_usbdev(struct usb_interface *intf)
{
	return to_usb_device(intf->dev.parent);
}
int __must_check
usb_find_common_endpoints(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_in,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_out,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_in,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_out);

int __must_check
usb_find_common_endpoints_reverse(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_in,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_out,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_in,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_out);

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_bulk_in_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_in)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints(alt, bulk_in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_bulk_out_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_out)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints(alt, NULL, bulk_out, NULL, NULL);
}

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_int_in_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_in)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints(alt, NULL, NULL, int_in, NULL);
}

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_int_out_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_out)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints(alt, NULL, NULL, NULL, int_out);
}

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_last_bulk_in_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_in)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints_reverse(alt, bulk_in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_last_bulk_out_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **bulk_out)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints_reverse(alt, NULL, bulk_out, NULL, NULL);
}

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_last_int_in_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_in)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints_reverse(alt, NULL, NULL, int_in, NULL);
}

static inline int __must_check
usb_find_last_int_out_endpoint(struct usb_host_interface *alt,
		struct usb_endpoint_descriptor **int_out)
{
	return usb_find_common_endpoints_reverse(alt, NULL, NULL, NULL, int_out);
}

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3.2.匹配驱动和设备及接口

USB Class Driver和USB设备接口、USB设备和USB Core(USB Driver)都是通过struct usb_device_id中的信息进行匹配。struct usb_device_id定义了4中匹配方式，第一种是产品信息匹配，通常情况使用VID和PID；第二种是根据设备类信息进行匹配；第三种根据接口的类信息进行匹配，第四种根据厂家自定义的接口进行匹配。具体使用那种匹配方式，由match_flags决定，内核定义了USB_DEVICE_ID_xx开头的宏，用来设置match_flags。USB Class Driver和USB设备接口、USB设备和USB Core(USB Driver)的匹配工作由usb_bus_type中的usb_device_match函数完成，该函数会进一步调用usb_match_id进行匹配。

[include/linux/mod_devicetable.h]
struct usb_device_id {
	/* which fields to match against? */
	__u16		match_flags;

	/* Used for product specific matches; range is inclusive */
	__u16		idVendor;
	__u16		idProduct;
	__u16		bcdDevice_lo;
	__u16		bcdDevice_hi;

	/* Used for device class matches */
	__u8		bDeviceClass;
	__u8		bDeviceSubClass;
	__u8		bDeviceProtocol;

	/* Used for interface class matches */
	__u8		bInterfaceClass;
	__u8		bInterfaceSubClass;
	__u8		bInterfaceProtocol;

	/* Used for vendor-specific interface matches */
	__u8		bInterfaceNumber;

	/* not matched against */
	kernel_ulong_t	driver_info
		__attribute__((aligned(sizeof(kernel_ulong_t))));
};
/* Some useful macros to use to create struct usb_device_id */
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_VENDOR		    0x0001
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_PRODUCT		    0x0002
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_LO		    0x0004
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_HI		    0x0008
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_CLASS		0x0010
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_SUBCLASS	0x0020
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_PROTOCOL	0x0040
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_CLASS		0x0080
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_SUBCLASS	0x0100
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_PROTOCOL	0x0200
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_NUMBER		0x0400

[include/linux/usb.h]
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE \
		(USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_VENDOR | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_PRODUCT)
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_RANGE \
		(USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_LO | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_HI)
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE_AND_VERSION \
		(USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_RANGE)
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_INFO \
		(USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_CLASS | \
		USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_SUBCLASS | \
		USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_PROTOCOL)
#define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO \
		(USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_CLASS | \
		USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_SUBCLASS | \
		USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_PROTOCOL)

/**
 * USB_DEVICE - macro used to describe a specific usb device
 * @vend: the 16 bit USB Vendor ID
 * @prod: the 16 bit USB Product ID
 *
 * This macro is used to create a struct usb_device_id that matches a
 * specific device.
 */
#define USB_DEVICE(vend, prod) \
	.match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE, \
	.idVendor = (vend), \
	.idProduct = (prod)

/**
 * USB_INTERFACE_INFO - macro used to describe a class of usb interfaces
 * @cl: bInterfaceClass value
 * @sc: bInterfaceSubClass value
 * @pr: bInterfaceProtocol value
 *
 * This macro is used to create a struct usb_device_id that matches a
 * specific class of interfaces.
 */
#define USB_INTERFACE_INFO(cl, sc, pr) \
	.match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO, \
	.bInterfaceClass = (cl), \
	.bInterfaceSubClass = (sc), \
	.bInterfaceProtocol = (pr)
......

const struct usb_device_id *usb_match_id(struct usb_interface *interface,
					 const struct usb_device_id *id);
extern struct bus_type usb_bus_type;

[drivers/usb/core/driver.c]
struct bus_type usb_bus_type = {
	.name             =		"usb",
	.match            =	    usb_device_match,
	.uevent           =	    usb_uevent,
	.need_parent_lock =	    true,
};

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struct usb_driver定义的USB Class Driver驱动和USB设备的接口匹配，而struct usb_device_driver定义的驱动和USB设备匹配，使用usb_register_device_driver和usb_deregister_device_driver函数注册和注销struct usb_device_driver。内核提供了通用的struct usb_device_driver，即usb_generic_driver，在USB子系统初始化的时候注册到系统中，通常情况下USB Class Driver无需再提供struct usb_device_driver。

[include/linux/usb.h]
struct usb_device_driver {
	const char *name;
	/* If set, used for better device/driver matching. */
	bool (*match) (struct usb_device *udev);
	/* Called to see if the driver is willing to manage a particular
     * device.  If it is, probe returns zero and uses dev_set_drvdata()
     * to associate driver-specific data with the device.  If unwilling
     * to manage the device, return a negative errno value. 
	 */
	int (*probe) (struct usb_device *udev);
    /* Called when the device is no longer accessible, usually
     * because it has been (or is being) disconnected or the driver's
     * module is being unloaded.
     */
	void (*disconnect) (struct usb_device *udev);

	int (*suspend) (struct usb_device *udev, pm_message_t message);
	int (*resume) (struct usb_device *udev, pm_message_t message);
	const struct attribute_group **dev_groups;
	struct usbdrv_wrap drvwrap;
	/* used with @match() to select better matching driver at probe() time.
     */
	const struct usb_device_id *id_table;
	unsigned int supports_autosuspend:1;
	unsigned int generic_subclass:1;
};

extern int usb_register_device_driver(struct usb_device_driver *,
		struct module *);
extern void usb_deregister_device_driver(struct usb_device_driver *);
extern struct usb_device_driver usb_generic_driver;

[drivers/usb/core/generic.c]
struct usb_device_driver usb_generic_driver = {
	.name       =	"usb",
	.match      =    usb_generic_driver_match,
	.probe      =    usb_generic_driver_probe,
	.disconnect =    usb_generic_driver_disconnect,
#ifdef	CONFIG_PM
	.suspend    =    usb_generic_driver_suspend,
	.resume     =    usb_generic_driver_resume,
#endif
	.supports_autosuspend = 1,
};

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3.3.管理设备

USB Core(USB Driver)使用struct usb_device数据结构描述USB设备。该数据结构在系统枚举USB设备的时候，由usb_alloc_dev函数分配和usb_new_device初始化。

[include/linux/usb.h]
struct usb_device {
	/* device number; address on a USB bus */
	int		devnum;
	/* device ID string for use in messages (e.g., /port/...) */
	char		devpath[16];
	/* tree topology hex string for use with xHCI */
	u32		route;
	/* device state: configured, not attached, etc. */
	enum usb_device_state	state;
	/* device speed: high/full/low (or error) */
	enum usb_device_speed	speed;
	/* number of rx lanes in use, USB 3.2 adds dual-lane support */
	unsigned int		rx_lanes;
	/* number of tx lanes in use, USB 3.2 adds dual-lane support */
	unsigned int		tx_lanes;
	/* Transaction Translator info; used with low/full speed dev,
	 * highspeed hub 
	 */
	struct usb_tt	*tt;
	int		ttport; /* device port on that tt hub */
	/* one bit for each endpoint, with ([0] = IN, [1] = OUT) endpoints */
	unsigned int toggle[2];
	/* our hub, unless we're the root */
	struct usb_device *parent;
	struct usb_bus *bus; /* bus we're part of */
	/* endpoint 0 data (default control pipe) */
	struct usb_host_endpoint ep0;
	struct device dev; /* generic device interface */
	/* USB device descriptor */
	struct usb_device_descriptor descriptor;
	struct usb_host_bos *bos;
	/* all of the device's configs */
	struct usb_host_config *config;
	/* the active configuration */
	struct usb_host_config *actconfig;
	struct usb_host_endpoint *ep_in[16]; /* array of IN endpoints */
	struct usb_host_endpoint *ep_out[16]; /* array of OUT endpoints */
	char **rawdescriptors; /* raw descriptors for each config */
	/* Current available from the bus */
	unsigned short bus_mA;
	u8 portnum; /* parent port number (origin 1) */
	u8 level; /* number of USB hub ancestors */
	/* device address, XHCI: assigned by HW, others: same as devnum */
	u8 devaddr;
	......
	/* ask driver core to reprobe using the generic driver */
	unsigned use_generic_driver:1;
	......
};

[include/linux/usb/hcd.h]
/* Enumeration is only for the hub driver, or HCD virtual root hubs */
/* usb device constructor (usbcore-internal) */
extern struct usb_device *usb_alloc_dev(struct usb_device *parent,
		struct usb_bus *, unsigned port);
/* perform initial device setup (usbcore-internal) */
extern int usb_new_device(struct usb_device *dev);
/* disconnect a device (usbcore-internal) */
void usb_disconnect(struct usb_device **pdev);

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4. USB Host Controller Driver

Linux内核使用struct usb_hcd数据结构描述USB Host Controller Driver，使用struct hc_driver描述USB Host Controller的操作方法，比如通信接口usb_submit_urb最终会调用到urb_enqueue函数，不同接口协议的USB Host Controller需要提供不同的struct hc_driver。使用usb_create_hcd和__usb_create_hcd函数创建struct usb_hcd，使用usb_add_hcd函数添加struct usb_hcd，使用usb_remove_hcd移除struct usb_hcd。

[include/linux/usb/hcd.h]
struct usb_hcd {
	struct usb_bus  self;  /* hcd is-a bus */
	struct kref		kref;  /* reference counter */
	const char		*product_desc;	/* product/vendor string */
	int			speed;  /* Speed for this roothub. */
	char			irq_descr[24];	/* driver + bus # */
	struct timer_list	rh_timer;	/* drives root-hub polling */
	struct urb		*status_urb;	/* the current status urb */
#ifdef CONFIG_PM
	struct work_struct	wakeup_work;	/* for remote wakeup */
#endif
	struct work_struct	died_work;	/* for when the device dies */
	/* hardware info/state */
	const struct hc_driver	*driver;	/* hw-specific hooks */
	/* OTG and some Host controllers need software interaction with phys;
	 * other external phys should be software-transparent
	 */
	struct usb_phy		*usb_phy;
	struct usb_phy_roothub	*phy_roothub;
	......

	/* bandwidth_mutex should be taken before adding or removing
	 * any new bus bandwidth constraints:
	 *   1. Before adding a configuration for a new device.
	 *   2. Before removing the configuration to put the device into
	 *      the addressed state.
	 *   3. Before selecting a different configuration.
	 *   4. Before selecting an alternate interface setting.
	 *
	 * bandwidth_mutex should be dropped after a successful control message
	 * to the device, or resetting the bandwidth after a failed attempt.
	 */
	struct mutex		*address0_mutex;
	struct mutex		*bandwidth_mutex;
	struct usb_hcd		*shared_hcd;
	struct usb_hcd		*primary_hcd;
	......
};

struct hc_driver {
	const char	*description;	/* "ehci-hcd" etc */
	const char	*product_desc;	/* product/vendor string */
	size_t		hcd_priv_size;	/* size of private data */
	/* irq handler */
	irqreturn_t	(*irq) (struct usb_hcd *hcd);
	......
	/* called to init HCD and root hub */
	int	(*reset) (struct usb_hcd *hcd);
	int	(*start) (struct usb_hcd *hcd);
	/* NOTE:  these suspend/resume calls relate to the HC as
	 * a whole, not just the root hub; they're for PCI bus glue.
	 */
	/* called after suspending the hub, before entering D3 etc */
	int	(*pci_suspend)(struct usb_hcd *hcd, bool do_wakeup);
	/* called after entering D0 (etc), before resuming the hub */
	int	(*pci_resume)(struct usb_hcd *hcd, bool hibernated);
	/* cleanly make HCD stop writing memory and doing I/O */
	void	(*stop) (struct usb_hcd *hcd);
	/* shutdown HCD */
	void	(*shutdown) (struct usb_hcd *hcd);
	/* return current frame number */
	int	(*get_frame_number) (struct usb_hcd *hcd);
	/* manage i/o requests, device state */
	int	(*urb_enqueue)(struct usb_hcd *hcd,
				struct urb *urb, gfp_t mem_flags);
	int	(*urb_dequeue)(struct usb_hcd *hcd,
				struct urb *urb, int status);
	/*
	 * (optional) these hooks allow an HCD to override the default DMA
	 * mapping and unmapping routines.  In general, they shouldn't be
	 * necessary unless the host controller has special DMA requirements,
	 * such as alignment contraints.  If these are not specified, the
	 * general usb_hcd_(un)?map_urb_for_dma functions will be used instead
	 * (and it may be a good idea to call these functions in your HCD
	 * implementation)
	 */
	int	(*map_urb_for_dma)(struct usb_hcd *hcd, struct urb *urb,
				   gfp_t mem_flags);
	void    (*unmap_urb_for_dma)(struct usb_hcd *hcd, struct urb *urb);
	/* hw synch, freeing endpoint resources that urb_dequeue can't */
	void	(*endpoint_disable)(struct usb_hcd *hcd,
			struct usb_host_endpoint *ep);
	/* (optional) reset any endpoint state such as sequence number
	   and current window */
	void	(*endpoint_reset)(struct usb_hcd *hcd,
			struct usb_host_endpoint *ep);
	/* root hub support */
	int	(*hub_status_data) (struct usb_hcd *hcd, char *buf);
	int	(*hub_control) (struct usb_hcd *hcd,
		u16 typeReq, u16 wValue, u16 wIndex, char *buf, u16 wLength);
	int	(*bus_suspend)(struct usb_hcd *);
	int	(*bus_resume)(struct usb_hcd *);
	int	(*start_port_reset)(struct usb_hcd *, unsigned port_num);
	unsigned long	(*get_resuming_ports)(struct usb_hcd *);

	/* force handover of high-speed port to full-speed companion */
	void	(*relinquish_port)(struct usb_hcd *, int);
	/* has a port been handed over to a companion? */
	int	(*port_handed_over)(struct usb_hcd *, int);
	/* CLEAR_TT_BUFFER completion callback */
	void	(*clear_tt_buffer_complete)(struct usb_hcd *,
			struct usb_host_endpoint *);
	/* xHCI specific functions */
	/* Called by usb_alloc_dev to alloc HC device structures */
	int	(*alloc_dev)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *);
	/* Called by usb_disconnect to free HC device structures */
	void	(*free_dev)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *);
	/* Change a group of bulk endpoints to support multiple stream IDs */
	int	(*alloc_streams)(struct usb_hcd *hcd, struct usb_device *udev,
		struct usb_host_endpoint **eps, unsigned int num_eps,
		unsigned int num_streams, gfp_t mem_flags);
	/* Reverts a group of bulk endpoints back to not using stream IDs.
	 * Can fail if we run out of memory.
	 */
	int	(*free_streams)(struct usb_hcd *hcd, struct usb_device *udev,
		struct usb_host_endpoint **eps, unsigned int num_eps,
		gfp_t mem_flags);

	/* Bandwidth computation functions */
	/* Note that add_endpoint() can only be called once per endpoint before
	 * check_bandwidth() or reset_bandwidth() must be called.
	 * drop_endpoint() can only be called once per endpoint also.
	 * A call to xhci_drop_endpoint() followed by a call to
	 * xhci_add_endpoint() will add the endpoint to the schedule with
	 * possibly new parameters denoted by a different endpoint descriptor
	 * in usb_host_endpoint.  A call to xhci_add_endpoint() followed by a
	 * call to xhci_drop_endpoint() is not allowed.
	 */
		/* Allocate endpoint resources and add them to a new schedule */
	int	(*add_endpoint)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *,
				struct usb_host_endpoint *);
		/* Drop an endpoint from a new schedule */
	int	(*drop_endpoint)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *,
				 struct usb_host_endpoint *);
		/* Check that a new hardware configuration, set using
		 * endpoint_enable and endpoint_disable, does not exceed bus
		 * bandwidth.  This must be called before any set configuration
		 * or set interface requests are sent to the device.
		 */
	int	(*check_bandwidth)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *);
		/* Reset the device schedule to the last known good schedule,
		 * which was set from a previous successful call to
		 * check_bandwidth().  This reverts any add_endpoint() and
		 * drop_endpoint() calls since that last successful call.
		 * Used for when a check_bandwidth() call fails due to resource
		 * or bandwidth constraints.
		 */
	void	(*reset_bandwidth)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *);
		/* Returns the hardware-chosen device address */
	int	(*address_device)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *udev);
		/* prepares the hardware to send commands to the device */
	int	(*enable_device)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *udev);
		/* Notifies the HCD after a hub descriptor is fetched.
		 * Will block.
		 */
	int	(*update_hub_device)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *hdev,
			struct usb_tt *tt, gfp_t mem_flags);
	int	(*reset_device)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *);
		/* Notifies the HCD after a device is connected and its
		 * address is set
		 */
	int	(*update_device)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *);
	int	(*set_usb2_hw_lpm)(struct usb_hcd *, struct usb_device *, int);
	/* USB 3.0 Link Power Management */
		/* Returns the USB3 hub-encoded value for the U1/U2 timeout. */
	int	(*enable_usb3_lpm_timeout)(struct usb_hcd *,
			struct usb_device *, enum usb3_link_state state);
		/* The xHCI host controller can still fail the command to
		 * disable the LPM timeouts, so this can return an error code.
		 */
	int	(*disable_usb3_lpm_timeout)(struct usb_hcd *,
			struct usb_device *, enum usb3_link_state state);
	int	(*find_raw_port_number)(struct usb_hcd *, int);
	/* Call for power on/off the port if necessary */
	int	(*port_power)(struct usb_hcd *hcd, int portnum, bool enable);
	......
};

struct usb_hcd *__usb_create_hcd(const struct hc_driver *driver,
		struct device *sysdev, struct device *dev, const char *bus_name,
		struct usb_hcd *primary_hcd);
/* create and initialize an HCD structure */
extern struct usb_hcd *usb_create_hcd(const struct hc_driver *driver,
		struct device *dev, const char *bus_name);
/* finish generic HCD structure initialization and register */
extern int usb_add_hcd(struct usb_hcd *hcd,
		unsigned int irqnum, unsigned long irqflags);
/* shutdown processing for generic HCDs */
extern void usb_remove_hcd(struct usb_hcd *hcd);

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xHCI、EHCI、OHCI三种接口协议标准的USB Host Controller Driver的struct hc_driver定义如下。

[drivers/usb/host/xhci.c]
static const struct hc_driver xhci_hc_driver = {
    .description   =  "xhci-hcd",
    .product_desc  =  "xHCI Host Controller",
    .hcd_priv_size =  sizeof(struct xhci_hcd),
    /* generic hardware linkage */
    .irq      = xhci_irq,
    .flags    = HCD_MEMORY | HCD_DMA | HCD_USB3 | HCD_SHARED | HCD_BH,
    /* basic lifecycle operations */
    .reset    = NULL,     /* xhci_plat_setup */
    .start    = xhci_run, /* xhci_plat_start */
    .stop     = xhci_stop,
    .shutdown = xhci_shutdown,
    /* managing i/o requests and associated device resources */
    .map_urb_for_dma    =     xhci_map_urb_for_dma,
    .urb_enqueue        =     xhci_urb_enqueue,
    .urb_dequeue        =     xhci_urb_dequeue,
    .alloc_dev          =     xhci_alloc_dev,
    .free_dev           =     xhci_free_dev,
    .alloc_streams      =     xhci_alloc_streams,
    .free_streams       =     xhci_free_streams,
    .add_endpoint       =     xhci_add_endpoint,
    .drop_endpoint      =     xhci_drop_endpoint,
    .endpoint_disable   =     xhci_endpoint_disable,
    .endpoint_reset     =     xhci_endpoint_reset,
    .check_bandwidth    =     xhci_check_bandwidth,
    .reset_bandwidth    =     xhci_reset_bandwidth,
    .address_device     =     xhci_address_device,
    .enable_device      =     xhci_enable_device,
    .update_hub_device  =     xhci_update_hub_device,
    .reset_device       =     xhci_discover_or_reset_device,
    /* scheduling support */
    .get_frame_number         =   xhci_get_frame,
    /* root hub support */
    .hub_control              =   xhci_hub_control,
    .hub_status_data          =   xhci_hub_status_data,
    .bus_suspend              =   xhci_bus_suspend,
    .bus_resume               =   xhci_bus_resume,
    .get_resuming_ports       =   xhci_get_resuming_ports,
    /* call back when device connected and addressed */
    .update_device            =   xhci_update_device,
    .set_usb2_hw_lpm          =   xhci_set_usb2_hardware_lpm,
    .enable_usb3_lpm_timeout  =   xhci_enable_usb3_lpm_timeout,
    .disable_usb3_lpm_timeout =   xhci_disable_usb3_lpm_timeout,
    .find_raw_port_number     =   xhci_find_raw_port_number,
    .clear_tt_buffer_complete =   xhci_clear_tt_buffer_complete,
};

[drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c]
static const struct hc_driver ehci_hc_driver = {
    .description              =    hcd_name,
    .product_desc             =    "EHCI Host Controller",
    .hcd_priv_size            =    sizeof(struct ehci_hcd),
    /* generic hardware linkage */
    .irq                      =    ehci_irq,
    .flags                    =    HCD_MEMORY | HCD_DMA | HCD_USB2 | HCD_BH,
    /* basic lifecycle operations */
    .reset                    =    ehci_setup,
    .start                    =    ehci_run,
    .stop                     =    ehci_stop,
    .shutdown                 =    ehci_shutdown,
    /* managing i/o requests and associated device resources */
    .urb_enqueue              =    ehci_urb_enqueue,
    .urb_dequeue              =    ehci_urb_dequeue,
    .endpoint_disable         =    ehci_endpoint_disable,
    .endpoint_reset           =    ehci_endpoint_reset,
    .clear_tt_buffer_complete =    ehci_clear_tt_buffer_complete,
    /* scheduling support */
    .get_frame_number         =    ehci_get_frame,
    /* root hub support */
    .hub_status_data          =    ehci_hub_status_data,
    .hub_control              =    ehci_hub_control,
    .bus_suspend              =    ehci_bus_suspend,
    .bus_resume               =    ehci_bus_resume,
    .relinquish_port          =    ehci_relinquish_port,
    .port_handed_over         =    ehci_port_handed_over,
    .get_resuming_ports       =    ehci_get_resuming_ports,
    /* device support */
    .free_dev                 =    ehci_remove_device,
};

[drivers/usb/host/ohci-hcd.c]
static const struct hc_driver ohci_hc_driver = {
    .description      =   hcd_name,
    .product_desc     =   "OHCI Host Controller",
    .hcd_priv_size    =   sizeof(struct ohci_hcd),
    /* generic hardware linkage */
    .irq              =   ohci_irq,
    .flags            =   HCD_MEMORY | HCD_DMA | HCD_USB11,
    /* basic lifecycle operations */
    .reset            =   ohci_setup,
    .start            =   ohci_start,
    .stop             =   ohci_stop,
    .shutdown         =   ohci_shutdown,
    /* managing i/o requests and associated device resources */
    .urb_enqueue      =   ohci_urb_enqueue,
    .urb_dequeue      =   ohci_urb_dequeue,
    .endpoint_disable =   ohci_endpoint_disable,
    /* scheduling support */
    .get_frame_number =   ohci_get_frame,
    /* root hub support */
    .hub_status_data  =   ohci_hub_status_data,
    .hub_control      =   ohci_hub_control,
#ifdef CONFIG_PM
    .bus_suspend      =   ohci_bus_suspend,
    .bus_resume       =   ohci_bus_resume,
#endif
    .start_port_reset =   ohci_start_port_reset,
};

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5. USB子系统

Linux内核主机USB子系统的初始化入口如下所示，注册了usb_bus_type、usbfs_driver、usb_generic_driver，初始化了USB设备的设备号、hub等。

[drivers\usb\core\usb.c]
static int __init usb_init(void)
{
	......
	retval = bus_register(&usb_bus_type);
	if (retval)
		goto bus_register_failed;
	retval = bus_register_notifier(&usb_bus_type, &usb_bus_nb);
	if (retval)
		goto bus_notifier_failed;
	retval = usb_major_init();
	if (retval)
		goto major_init_failed;
	retval = usb_register(&usbfs_driver);
	if (retval)
		goto driver_register_failed;
	retval = usb_devio_init();
	if (retval)
		goto usb_devio_init_failed;
	retval = usb_hub_init();
	if (retval)
		goto hub_init_failed;
	retval = usb_register_device_driver(&usb_generic_driver, THIS_MODULE);
	if (!retval)
		goto out;
	......
}
static void __exit usb_exit(void)
{
	......
	usb_release_quirk_list();
	usb_deregister_device_driver(&usb_generic_driver);
	usb_major_cleanup();
	usb_deregister(&usbfs_driver);
	usb_devio_cleanup();
	usb_hub_cleanup();
	bus_unregister_notifier(&usb_bus_type, &usb_bus_nb);
	bus_unregister(&usb_bus_type);
	usb_acpi_unregister();
	usb_debugfs_cleanup();
	idr_destroy(&usb_bus_idr);
}
subsys_initcall(usb_init);
module_exit(usb_exit);

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参考资料

  1. eXtensible Host Controller Interface for Universal Serial Bus
  2. Linux kernel 5.10
  3. Linux驱动开发实例
  4. Linux设备驱动开发详解
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