[深度学习框架]PyTorch常用代码段_class convnet(nn.module): def __init__(self, num_c

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torchvision
print(torch.__version__)
print(torch.version.cuda)
print(torch.backends.cudnn.version())
print(torch.cuda.get_device_name(0))
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np.random.seed(0)
torch.manual_seed(0)
torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(0)
torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
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# Device configuration
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
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import os
os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'] = '0,1'
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CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 python train.py

torch.cuda.empty_cache()

nvidia-smi --gpu-reset -i [gpu_id]

tensor = torch.randn(3,4,5)
print(tensor.type())  # 数据类型
print(tensor.size())  # 张量的shape，是个元组
print(tensor.dim())   # 维度的数量
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# 在PyTorch 1.3之前，需要使用注释
# Tensor[N, C, H, W]
images = torch.randn(32, 3, 56, 56)
images.sum(dim=1)
images.select(dim=1, index=0)
# PyTorch 1.3之后
NCHW = [‘N’, ‘C’, ‘H’, ‘W’]
images = torch.randn(32, 3, 56, 56, names=NCHW)
images.sum('C')
images.select('C', index=0)
# 也可以这么设置
tensor = torch.rand(3,4,1,2,names=('C', 'N', 'H', 'W'))
# 使用align_to可以对维度方便地排序
tensor = tensor.align_to('N', 'C', 'H', 'W')
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# 设置默认类型，pytorch中的FloatTensor远远快于DoubleTensor
torch.set_default_tensor_type(torch.FloatTensor)
# 类型转换
tensor = tensor.cuda()
tensor = tensor.cpu()
tensor = tensor.float()
tensor = tensor.long()
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ndarray = tensor.cpu().numpy()
tensor = torch.from_numpy(ndarray).float()
tensor = torch.from_numpy(ndarray.copy()).float() # If ndarray has negative stride.
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# pytorch中的张量默认采用[N, C, H, W]的顺序，并且数据范围在[0,1]，需要进行转置和规范化
# torch.Tensor -> PIL.Image
image = PIL.Image.fromarray(torch.clamp(tensor*255, min=0, max=255).byte().permute(1,2,0).cpu().numpy())
image = torchvision.transforms.functional.to_pil_image(tensor)  # Equivalently way
# PIL.Image -> torch.Tensor
path = r'./figure.jpg'
tensor = torch.from_numpy(np.asarray(PIL.Image.open(path))).permute(2,0,1).float() / 255
tensor = torchvision.transforms.functional.to_tensor(PIL.Image.open(path)) # Equivalently way
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image = PIL.Image.fromarray(ndarray.astype(np.uint8))
ndarray = np.asarray(PIL.Image.open(path))
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value = torch.rand(1).item()

# 在将卷积层输入全连接层的情况下通常需要对张量做形变处理，
# 相比torch.view，torch.reshape可以自动处理输入张量不连续的情况。
tensor = torch.rand(2,3,4)
shape = (6, 4)
tensor = torch.reshape(tensor, shape)
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tensor = tensor[torch.randperm(tensor.size(0))]  # 打乱第一个维度

# pytorch不支持tensor[::-1]这样的负步长操作，水平翻转可以通过张量索引实现
# 假设张量的维度为[N, D, H, W].
tensor = tensor[:,:,:,torch.arange(tensor.size(3) - 1, -1, -1).long()]
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# Operation                 |  New/Shared memory | Still in computation graph |
tensor.clone()            # |        New         |          Yes               |
tensor.detach()           # |      Shared        |          No                |
tensor.detach.clone()()   # |        New         |          No                |
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'''
注意torch.cat和torch.stack的区别在于torch.cat沿着给定的维度拼接，
而torch.stack会新增一维。例如当参数是3个10x5的张量，torch.cat的结果是30x5的张量，
而torch.stack的结果是3x10x5的张量。
'''
tensor = torch.cat(list_of_tensors, dim=0)
tensor = torch.stack(list_of_tensors, dim=0)
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# pytorch的标记默认从0开始
tensor = torch.tensor([0, 2, 1, 3])
N = tensor.size(0)
num_classes = 4
one_hot = torch.zeros(N, num_classes).long()
one_hot.scatter_(dim=1, index=torch.unsqueeze(tensor, dim=1), src=torch.ones(N, num_classes).long())
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torch.nonzero(tensor)               # index of non-zero elements
torch.nonzero(tensor==0)            # index of zero elements
torch.nonzero(tensor).size(0)       # number of non-zero elements
torch.nonzero(tensor == 0).size(0)  # number of zero elements
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torch.allclose(tensor1, tensor2)  # float tensor
torch.equal(tensor1, tensor2)     # int tensor
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# Expand tensor of shape 64*512 to shape 64*512*7*7.
tensor = torch.rand(64,512)
torch.reshape(tensor, (64, 512, 1, 1)).expand(64, 512, 7, 7)
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# Matrix multiplcation: (m*n) * (n*p) * -> (m*p).
result = torch.mm(tensor1, tensor2)
# Batch matrix multiplication: (b*m*n) * (b*n*p) -> (b*m*p)
result = torch.bmm(tensor1, tensor2)
# Element-wise multiplication.
result = tensor1 * tensor2
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dist = torch.sqrt(torch.sum((X1[:,None,:] - X2) ** 2, dim=2))

# convolutional neural network (2 convolutional layers)
class ConvNet(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_classes=10):
        super(ConvNet, self).__init__()
        self.layer1 = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(1, 16, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=2),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(16),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))
        self.layer2 = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(16, 32, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=2),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(32),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))
        self.fc = nn.Linear(7*7*32, num_classes)
    def forward(self, x):
        out = self.layer1(x)
        out = self.layer2(out)
        out = out.reshape(out.size(0), -1)
        out = self.fc(out)
        return out
model = ConvNet(num_classes).to(device)
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X = torch.reshape(N, D, H * W)                        # Assume X has shape N*D*H*W
X = torch.bmm(X, torch.transpose(X, 1, 2)) / (H * W)  # Bilinear pooling
assert X.size() == (N, D, D)
X = torch.reshape(X, (N, D * D))
X = torch.sign(X) * torch.sqrt(torch.abs(X) + 1e-5)   # Signed-sqrt normalization
X = torch.nn.functional.normalize(X)                  # L2 normalization
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sync_bn = torch.nn.SyncBatchNorm(num_features, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, 
                                 track_running_stats=True)
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def convertBNtoSyncBN(module, process_group=None):
    '''Recursively replace all BN layers to SyncBN layer.

    Args:
        module[torch.nn.Module]. Network
    '''
    if isinstance(module, torch.nn.modules.batchnorm._BatchNorm):
        sync_bn = torch.nn.SyncBatchNorm(module.num_features, module.eps, module.momentum, 
                                         module.affine, module.track_running_stats, process_group)
        sync_bn.running_mean = module.running_mean
        sync_bn.running_var = module.running_var
        if module.affine:
            sync_bn.weight = module.weight.clone().detach()
            sync_bn.bias = module.bias.clone().detach()
        return sync_bn
    else:
        for name, child_module in module.named_children():
            setattr(module, name) = convert_syncbn_model(child_module, process_group=process_group))
        return module
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class BN(torch.nn.Module)
    def __init__(self):
        ...
        self.register_buffer('running_mean', torch.zeros(num_features))
    def forward(self, X):
        ...
        self.running_mean += momentum * (current - self.running_mean)
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num_parameters = sum(torch.numel(parameter) for parameter in model.parameters())

params = list(model.named_parameters())
(name, param) = params[28]
print(name)
print(param.grad)
print('-------------------------------------------------')
(name2, param2) = params[29]
print(name2)
print(param2.grad)
print('----------------------------------------------------')
(name1, param1) = params[30]
print(name1)
print(param1.grad)
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# Common practise for initialization.
for layer in model.modules():
    if isinstance(layer, torch.nn.Conv2d):
        torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(layer.weight, mode='fan_out',
                                      nonlinearity='relu')
        if layer.bias is not None:
            torch.nn.init.constant_(layer.bias, val=0.0)
    elif isinstance(layer, torch.nn.BatchNorm2d):
        torch.nn.init.constant_(layer.weight, val=1.0)
        torch.nn.init.constant_(layer.bias, val=0.0)
    elif isinstance(layer, torch.nn.Linear):
        torch.nn.init.xavier_normal_(layer.weight)
        if layer.bias is not None:
            torch.nn.init.constant_(layer.bias, val=0.0)
# Initialization with given tensor.
layer.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(tensor)
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# 取模型中的前两层
new_model = nn.Sequential(*list(model.children())[:2] 
# 如果希望提取出模型中的所有卷积层，可以像下面这样操作：
for layer in model.named_modules():
    if isinstance(layer[1],nn.Conv2d):
         conv_model.add_module(layer[0],layer[1])
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model.load_state_dict(torch.load('model.pth'), strict=False)

model.load_state_dict(torch.load('model.pth', map_location='cpu'))

# model_new代表新的模型
# model_saved代表其他模型，比如用torch.load导入的已保存的模型
model_new_dict = model_new.state_dict()
model_common_dict = {k:v for k, v in model_saved.items() if k in model_new_dict.keys()}
model_new_dict.update(model_common_dict)
model_new.load_state_dict(model_new_dict)
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import os
import cv2
import numpy as np
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from PIL import Image
def compute_mean_and_std(dataset):
    # 输入PyTorch的dataset，输出均值和标准差
    mean_r = 0
    mean_g = 0
    mean_b = 0
    for img, _ in dataset:
        img = np.asarray(img) # change PIL Image to numpy array
        mean_r += np.mean(img[:, :, 0])
        mean_g += np.mean(img[:, :, 1])
        mean_b += np.mean(img[:, :, 2])
    mean_r /= len(dataset)
    mean_g /= len(dataset)
    mean_b /= len(dataset)
    diff_r = 0
    diff_g = 0
    diff_b = 0
    N = 0
    for img, _ in dataset:
        img = np.asarray(img)
        diff_r += np.sum(np.power(img[:, :, 0] - mean_r, 2))
        diff_g += np.sum(np.power(img[:, :, 1] - mean_g, 2))
        diff_b += np.sum(np.power(img[:, :, 2] - mean_b, 2))
        N += np.prod(img[:, :, 0].shape)
    std_r = np.sqrt(diff_r / N)
    std_g = np.sqrt(diff_g / N)
    std_b = np.sqrt(diff_b / N)
    mean = (mean_r.item() / 255.0, mean_g.item() / 255.0, mean_b.item() / 255.0)
    std = (std_r.item() / 255.0, std_g.item() / 255.0, std_b.item() / 255.0)
    return mean, std
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import cv2
video = cv2.VideoCapture(mp4_path)
height = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT))
width = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH))
num_frames = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT))
fps = int(video.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS))
video.release()
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K = self._num_segments
if is_train:
    if num_frames > K:
        # Random index for each segment.
        frame_indices = torch.randint(
            high=num_frames // K, size=(K,), dtype=torch.long)
        frame_indices += num_frames // K * torch.arange(K)
    else:
        frame_indices = torch.randint(
            high=num_frames, size=(K - num_frames,), dtype=torch.long)
        frame_indices = torch.sort(torch.cat((
            torch.arange(num_frames), frame_indices)))[0]
else:
    if num_frames > K:
        # Middle index for each segment.
        frame_indices = num_frames / K // 2
        frame_indices += num_frames // K * torch.arange(K)
    else:
        frame_indices = torch.sort(torch.cat((                              
            torch.arange(num_frames), torch.arange(K - num_frames))))[0]
assert frame_indices.size() == (K,)
return [frame_indices[i] for i in range(K)]
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train_transform = torchvision.transforms.Compose([
    torchvision.transforms.RandomResizedCrop(size=224,
                                             scale=(0.08, 1.0)),
    torchvision.transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
    torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),
    torchvision.transforms.Normalize(mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406),
                                     std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225)),
 ])
 val_transform = torchvision.transforms.Compose([
    torchvision.transforms.Resize(256),
    torchvision.transforms.CenterCrop(224),
    torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),
    torchvision.transforms.Normalize(mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406),
                                     std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225)),
])
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# Loss and optimizer
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)
# Train the model
total_step = len(train_loader)
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
    for i ,(images, labels) in enumerate(train_loader):
        images = images.to(device)
        labels = labels.to(device)
        # Forward pass
        outputs = model(images)
        loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
        # Backward and optimizer
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        if (i+1) % 100 == 0:
            print('Epoch: [{}/{}], Step: [{}/{}], Loss: {}'
                  .format(epoch+1, num_epochs, i+1, total_step, loss.item()))
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# Test the model
model.eval()  # eval mode(batch norm uses moving mean/variance 
              #instead of mini-batch mean/variance)
with torch.no_grad():
    correct = 0
    total = 0
    for images, labels in test_loader:
        images = images.to(device)
        labels = labels.to(device)
        outputs = model(images)
        _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)
        total += labels.size(0)
        correct += (predicted == labels).sum().item()print('Test accuracy of the model on the 10000 test images: {} %'
          .format(100 * correct / total))
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class MyLoss(torch.nn.Moudle):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MyLoss, self).__init__()
    def forward(self, x, y):
        loss = torch.mean((x - y) ** 2)
        return loss
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import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class LSR(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, e=0.1, reduction='mean'):
        super().__init__()
        self.log_softmax = nn.LogSoftmax(dim=1)
        self.e = e
        self.reduction = reduction
    def _one_hot(self, labels, classes, value=1):
        """
            Convert labels to one hot vectors
        
        Args:
            labels: torch tensor in format [label1, label2, label3, ...]
            classes: int, number of classes
            value: label value in one hot vector, default to 1
        
        Returns:
            return one hot format labels in shape [batchsize, classes]
        """
        one_hot = torch.zeros(labels.size(0), classes)
        #labels and value_added  size must match
        labels = labels.view(labels.size(0), -1)
        value_added = torch.Tensor(labels.size(0), 1).fill_(value)
        value_added = value_added.to(labels.device)
        one_hot = one_hot.to(labels.device)
        one_hot.scatter_add_(1, labels, value_added)
        return one_hot
    def _smooth_label(self, target, length, smooth_factor):
        """convert targets to one-hot format, and smooth
        them.
        Args:
            target: target in form with [label1, label2, label_batchsize]
            length: length of one-hot format(number of classes)
            smooth_factor: smooth factor for label smooth
        
        Returns:
            smoothed labels in one hot format
        """
        one_hot = self._one_hot(target, length, value=1 - smooth_factor)
        one_hot += smooth_factor / (length - 1)
        return one_hot.to(target.device)
    def forward(self, x, target):
        if x.size(0) != target.size(0):
            raise ValueError('Expected input batchsize ({}) to match target batch_size({})'
                    .format(x.size(0), target.size(0)))
        if x.dim() < 2:
            raise ValueError('Expected input tensor to have least 2 dimensions(got {})'
                    .format(x.size(0)))
        if x.dim() != 2:
            raise ValueError('Only 2 dimension tensor are implemented, (got {})' 
  .format(x.size()))
        smoothed_target = self._smooth_label(target, x.size(1), self.e)
        x = self.log_softmax(x)
        loss = torch.sum(- x * smoothed_target, dim=1)
        if self.reduction == 'none':
            return loss        
        elif self.reduction == 'sum':
            return torch.sum(loss)        
        elif self.reduction == 'mean':
            return torch.mean(loss)        
        else:
            raise ValueError('unrecognized option, expect reduction to be one of none, mean, sum')
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for images, labels in train_loader:
    images, labels = images.cuda(), labels.cuda()
    N = labels.size(0)
    # C is the number of classes.
    smoothed_labels = torch.full(size=(N, C), fill_value=0.1 / (C - 1)).cuda()
    smoothed_labels.scatter_(dim=1, index=torch.unsqueeze(labels, dim=1), value=0.9)
    score = model(images)
    log_prob = torch.nn.functional.log_softmax(score, dim=1)
    loss = -torch.sum(log_prob * smoothed_labels) / N
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()
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beta_distribution = torch.distributions.beta.Beta(alpha, alpha)
for images, labels in train_loader:
    images, labels = images.cuda(), labels.cuda()
    # Mixup images and labels.
    lambda_ = beta_distribution.sample([]).item()
    index = torch.randperm(images.size(0)).cuda()
    mixed_images = lambda_ * images + (1 - lambda_) * images[index, :]
    label_a, label_b = labels, labels[index]
    # Mixup loss.
    scores = model(mixed_images)
    loss = (lambda_ * loss_function(scores, label_a)
            + (1 - lambda_) * loss_function(scores, label_b))
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()
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l1_regularization = torch.nn.L1Loss(reduction='sum')
loss = ...  # Standard cross-entropy loss
for param in model.parameters():
    loss += torch.sum(torch.abs(param))
loss.backward()
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bias_list = (param for name, param in model.named_parameters() if name[-4:] == 'bias')
others_list = (param for name, param in model.named_parameters() if name[-4:] != 'bias')
parameters = [{'parameters': bias_list, 'weight_decay': 0},                
              {'parameters': others_list}]
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(parameters, lr=1e-2, momentum=0.9, weight_decay=1e-4)
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torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), max_norm=20)

# If there is one global learning rate (which is the common case).
lr = next(iter(optimizer.param_groups))['lr']
# If there are multiple learning rates for different layers.
all_lr = []
for param_group in optimizer.param_groups:
    all_lr.append(param_group['lr'])
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# Reduce learning rate when validation accuarcy plateau.
scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau(optimizer, mode='max', patience=5, verbose=True)
for t in range(0, 80):
    train(...)
    val(...)
    scheduler.step(val_acc)
# Cosine annealing learning rate.
scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, T_max=80)
# Reduce learning rate by 10 at given epochs.
scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.MultiStepLR(optimizer, milestones=[50, 70], gamma=0.1)
for t in range(0, 80):
    scheduler.step()    
    train(...)
    val(...)
# Learning rate warmup by 10 epochs.
scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda=lambda t: t / 10)
for t in range(0, 10):
    scheduler.step()
    train(...)
    val(...)
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import torch
from torch.optim import SGD
from torch.optim.lr_scheduler import ExponentialLR, StepLR
model = [torch.nn.Parameter(torch.randn(2, 2, requires_grad=True))]
optimizer = SGD(model, 0.1)
scheduler1 = ExponentialLR(optimizer, gamma=0.9)
scheduler2 = StepLR(optimizer, step_size=3, gamma=0.1)
for epoch in range(4):
    print(epoch, scheduler2.get_last_lr()[0])
    optimizer.step()
    scheduler1.step()
    scheduler2.step()
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pip install tensorboard
tensorboard --logdir=runs
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from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
import numpy as np
writer = SummaryWriter()
for n_iter in range(100):
    writer.add_scalar('Loss/train', np.random.random(), n_iter)
    writer.add_scalar('Loss/test', np.random.random(), n_iter)
    writer.add_scalar('Accuracy/train', np.random.random(), n_iter)
    writer.add_scalar('Accuracy/test', np.random.random(), n_iter)
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start_epoch = 0
# Load checkpoint.
if resume: # resume为参数，第一次训练时设为0，中断再训练时设为1
    model_path = os.path.join('model', 'best_checkpoint.pth.tar')
    assert os.path.isfile(model_path)
    checkpoint = torch.load(model_path)
    best_acc = checkpoint['best_acc']
    start_epoch = checkpoint['epoch']
    model.load_state_dict(checkpoint['model'])
    optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint['optimizer'])
    print('Load checkpoint at epoch {}.'.format(start_epoch))
    print('Best accuracy so far {}.'.format(best_acc))
# Train the model
for epoch in range(start_epoch, num_epochs): 
    ... 
# Test the model
    ...
    # save checkpoint
    is_best = current_acc > best_acc
    best_acc = max(current_acc, best_acc)
    checkpoint = {
        'best_acc': best_acc,
        'epoch': epoch + 1,
        'model': model.state_dict(),
        'optimizer': optimizer.state_dict(),
    }
    model_path = os.path.join('model', 'checkpoint.pth.tar')
    best_model_path = os.path.join('model', 'best_checkpoint.pth.tar')
    torch.save(checkpoint, model_path)
    if is_best:
        shutil.copy(model_path, best_model_path)
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# VGG-16 relu5-3 feature.
model = torchvision.models.vgg16(pretrained=True).features[:-1]
# VGG-16 pool5 feature.
model = torchvision.models.vgg16(pretrained=True).features
# VGG-16 fc7 feature.
model = torchvision.models.vgg16(pretrained=True)
model.classifier = torch.nn.Sequential(*list(model.classifier.children())[:-3])
# ResNet GAP feature.
model = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
model = torch.nn.Sequential(collections.OrderedDict(
    list(model.named_children())[:-1]))
with torch.no_grad():
    model.eval()
    conv_representation = model(image)
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class FeatureExtractor(torch.nn.Module):
    """Helper class to extract several convolution features from the given
    pre-trained model.

    Attributes:
        _model, torch.nn.Module.
        _layers_to_extract, list<str> or set<str>

    Example:
        >>> model = torchvision.models.resnet152(pretrained=True)
        >>> model = torch.nn.Sequential(collections.OrderedDict(
                list(model.named_children())[:-1]))
        >>> conv_representation = FeatureExtractor(
                pretrained_model=model,
                layers_to_extract={'layer1', 'layer2', 'layer3', 'layer4'})(image)
    """
    def __init__(self, pretrained_model, layers_to_extract):
        torch.nn.Module.__init__(self)
        self._model = pretrained_model
        self._model.eval()
        self._layers_to_extract = set(layers_to_extract)
    def forward(self, x):
        with torch.no_grad():
            conv_representation = []
            for name, layer in self._model.named_children():
                x = layer(x)
                if name in self._layers_to_extract:
                    conv_representation.append(x)
            return conv_representation
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model = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
for param in model.parameters():
    param.requires_grad = False
model.fc = nn.Linear(512, 100)  # Replace the last fc layer
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.fc.parameters(), lr=1e-2, momentum=0.9, weight_decay=1e-4)
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model = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
finetuned_parameters = list(map(id, model.fc.parameters()))
conv_parameters = (p for p in model.parameters() if id(p) not in finetuned_parameters)
parameters = [{'params': conv_parameters, 'lr': 1e-3}, 
              {'params': model.fc.parameters()}]
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(parameters, lr=1e-2, momentum=0.9, weight_decay=1e-4)
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x = torch.nn.functional.relu(x, inplace=True)

with torch.autograd.profiler.profile(enabled=True, use_cuda=False) as profile:
    ...
print(profile)
# 或者在命令行运行
python -m torch.utils.bottleneck main.py
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# pip install torchsnooper
import torchsnooper
# 对于函数，使用修饰器
@torchsnooper.snoop()
# 如果不是函数，使用 with 语句来激活 TorchSnooper，把训练的那个循环装进 with 语句中去。
with torchsnooper.snoop():
    原本的代码
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