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MYSQL基于Gtid的主从复制
作者：在线问答5 | 2024-08-10 16:07:52
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基于gtid的主从复制
简介
从 MySQL 5.6.5 开始新增了一种基于 GTID 的复制方式。通过 GTID保证了每个在主库上提交的事务在集群中有一个唯一的ID。这种方式强化了数据库的主备一致性，故障恢复以及容错能力。
工作原理
GTID是MySQL 5.6的新特性，其全称是Global Transaction Identifier，可简化MySQL的主从切换以及Failover。GTID用于在binlog中唯一标识一个事务。当事务提交时，MySQL Server在写binlog的时候，会先写一个特殊的Binlog Event，类型为GTID_Event，指定下一个事务的GTID，然后再写事务的Binlog。主从同步时GTID_Event和事务的Binlog都会传递到从库，从库在执行的时候也是用同样的GTID写binlog，这样主从同步以后，就可通过GTID确定从库同步到的位置了。
作用
Gtid采用了新的复制协议
旧协议是，首先从服务器上在一个特定的偏移量位置连接到主服务器上一个给定的二进制日志文件，然后主服务器再从给定的连接点开始发送所有的事件。
新协议有所不同，支持以全局统一事务ID (GTID)为基础的复制。当在主库上提交事务或者被从库应用时，可以定位和追踪每一个事务。GTID复制是全部以事务为基础，使得检查主从一致性变得非常简单。如果所有主库上提交的事务也同样提交到从库上，一致性就得到了保证。
配置Gtid
一主一从
需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作
环境说明：
| 数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主数据库 | 192.168.10.200 | centos8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
| 从数据库 | 192.168.10.201 | centos8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
主库 mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'liu'@'192.168.10.201' identified by '123'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) [root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [root@master ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve config server_id = 10 gtid_mode = on enforce_gtid_consistency = on log-bin = mysql-bin binlog-format = row log-slave-updates = 1 skip-slave-start=1 [root@master ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/master.err'. SUCCESS! mysql> show variables like '%gtid%'; +----------------------------------+-----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------+-----------+ | binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON | | enforce_gtid_consistency | ON | | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000 | | gtid_mode | ON | | gtid_next | AUTOMATIC | | gtid_owned | | | gtid_purged | | | session_track_gtids | OFF | +----------------------------------+-----------+ 从库 [root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [root@slave ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve config server-id = 20 log-bin = mysql-bin binlog-format = row log-slave-updates = 1 gtid-mode = on enforce_gtid_consistency = on skip_slave_start=1 [root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/slave.err'. SUCCESS! mysql> show variables like '%gtid%'; +----------------------------------+-----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------+-----------+ | binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON | | enforce_gtid_consistency | ON | | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000 | | gtid_mode | ON | | gtid_next | AUTOMATIC | | gtid_owned | | | gtid_purged | | | session_track_gtids | OFF | +----------------------------------+-----------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.10.200',master_user='luo',master_password='123',master_auto_position=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.03 sec) mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show slave status \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.10.200 Master_User: luo Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154 Relay_Log_File: slave-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 367 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB:
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测试
主库 mysql> create database luojiatian; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | luojiatian | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec) 从库 [root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456! -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | luojiatian | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+
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一主两从
需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作
环境说明：
| 数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主数据库 | 192.168.10.200 | centos8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
| 从数据库 | 192.168.10.201 | centos8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
| 从数据库 | 192.168.10.202 | centos8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
主库 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 5 Server version: 5.7.34 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'liu'@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve # config server_id = 10 gtid_mode = on enforce_gtid_consistency = on log-bin = mysql-bin binlog-format = row log-slave-updates = 1 skip-slave-start=1 [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! mysql> show variables like '%gtid%'; +----------------------------------+-----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------+-----------+ | binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON | | enforce_gtid_consistency | ON | | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000 | | gtid_mode | ON | | gtid_next | AUTOMATIC | | gtid_owned | | | gtid_purged | | | session_track_gtids | OFF | +----------------------------------+-----------+ 8 rows in set (0.01 sec) [root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld.service [root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0 从库一 [root@clave ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve #config server-id = 20 log-bin = mysql-bin binlog-format = row log-slave-updates = 1 gtid-mode = on enforce_gtid_consistency = on skip_slave_start=1 [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! mysql> show variables like '%gtid%'; +----------------------------------+-----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------+-----------+ | binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON | | enforce_gtid_consistency | ON | | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000 | | gtid_mode | ON | | gtid_next | AUTOMATIC | | gtid_owned | | | gtid_purged | | | session_track_gtids | OFF | +----------------------------------+-----------+ 8 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.10.200',master_user='luo',master_password='123',master_auto_position=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec) mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show slave status \G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.10.200 Master_User: luo Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154 Relay_Log_File: localhost-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 367 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 从库二 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve #config server-id = 30 log-bin = mysql-bin binlog-format = row log-slave-updates = 1 gtid-mode = on enforce_gtid_consistency = on skip_slave_start=1 [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS! mysql> show variables like '%gtid%'; +----------------------------------+-----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------+-----------+ | binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON | | enforce_gtid_consistency | ON | | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000 | | gtid_mode | ON | | gtid_next | AUTOMATIC | | gtid_owned | | | gtid_purged | | | session_track_gtids | OFF | +----------------------------------+-----------+ 8 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.10.200',master_user='luo',master_password='123',master_auto_position=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec) mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.10.200 Master_User: luo Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154 Relay_Log_File: localhost-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 367 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
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测试
主库 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 9 Server version: 5.7.34-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> CREATE DATABASE LQL; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) 从库一 [root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | LQL | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 从库二 [root@slave2 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 -e 'show databases;' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | LQL | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+
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两主一从
查看
主库一 mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+ | mysql-bin.000002 | 1953 | | | 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d:1-9 | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 主库二 mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+ | mysql-bin.000003| 2468 | | | 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d:1-9 | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like '%gtid%'; +----------------------------------+-----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------+-----------+ | binlog_gtid_simple_recovery | ON | | enforce_gtid_consistency | ON | | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000 | | gtid_mode | ON | | gtid_next | AUTOMATIC | | gtid_owned | | | gtid_purged | | | session_track_gtids | OFF | +----------------------------------+-----------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) 重置slave mysql> reset slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
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配置
主库一 mysql> set global master_info_repository='table'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set global relay_log_info_repository='table'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> change master to -> master_host='192.168.200.145' , -> master_user='xym' , -> master_password='123' , -> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002' -> master_log_pos=1953 -> for channel 'master-1'; 主库二 mysql> change master to -> master_host='192.168.200.145' , -> master_user='xym2' , -> master_password='123' , -> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003' -> master_log_pos=2468 -> for channel 'master-2'; 开启slave mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 都已经开启 mysql> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.200.145 Master_User: xym Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1953 Relay_Log_File: localhost-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 2166 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1953 Relay_Log_Space: 2377 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1 Master_UUID: 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d:1-9 Executed_Gtid_Set: 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d:1-9 Auto_Position: 1 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) *************************** 2. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.200.145 Master_User: xym2 Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 2468 Relay_Log_File: localhost-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 2166 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1953 Relay_Log_Space: 2377 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1 Master_UUID: 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d:1-9 Executed_Gtid_Set: 79a7d3f4-0a4b-11ec-ba7f-000c2988823d:1-9, e6e1dd40-0a4d-11ec-9ac5-000c29c8a739:1 Auto_Position: 1 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 主库一上创建数据库xym mysql> create database xym; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | chenshunli | | xym | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) 主库二上创建数据库xym2 mysql> create database xym2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | xym2 | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) slave上查看 mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | xym | | xym2 | +--------------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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