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WebSocket在2008年被提出,其通信协议于2011被制定为标准
与http不同,websocket支持全双工通信(即:在客户端和服务之间双向通信)在websocket问世之前,客户端与服务器通常采用http轮询和Comet等方式保持长链接
然而,这么做无疑会对服务端造成资源消耗,因为HTTP请求包含较长的头文件,只传递了少许的有用信息,十分消耗资源。
于是websocket便诞生了,它不仅节省资源和带宽,更是能实现长链接作用,只需客户端主动与服务端握手一次,即可进行实时通信,实现推送技术。
之前我也写过相关的文章:Socket聊天室,使用JS+socket.io+WebRTC+nodejs+express搭建一个简易版远程视频聊天,但是用到的模块都是socket.io,而且没有深入优化,在平时工作上真正用到时发现事情并不简单。有时前端或者后端会断线而对方不知道,像弱网或者后端服务器重启时,前端并不能保证一直连接
所以这篇文章,我们就来使用websocket做一个简单的demo,并且加上心跳和断线重连功能
首先是服务端,采用node+ws模块搭建websocket服务,在server文件夹下新建server.js,并在npm初始化后,下载ws模块
- npm init -y
- npm i ws
引入ws模块,并搭建一个简单的websocket服务
- const WebSocket = require('ws');
- const port = 1024//端口
- const pathname = '/ws/'//访问路径
-
- new WebSocket.Server({port}, function () {
- console.log('websocket服务开启')
- }).on('connection', connectHandler)
-
- function connectHandler (ws) {
- console.log('客户端连接')
- ws.on('error', errorHandler)
- ws.on('close', closeHandler)
- ws.on('message', messageHandler)
- }
-
- function messageHandler (e) {
- console.info('接收客户端消息')
- this.send(e)
- }
-
- function errorHandler (e) {
- console.info('客户端出错')
- }
-
- function closeHandler (e) {
- console.info('客户端已断开')
- }
前端部分也搭建个ws访问客户端
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>
- Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <script type="module">
- const name = 'test'//连接用户名
- let wsUrl = 'ws://127.0.0.1:1024/ws/?name=' + name
- const ws = new WebSocket(wsUrl)
- ws.onopen = function (e) {
- console.log('开启')
- ws.send(JSON.stringify({
- ModeCode: "message",
- msg: 'hello'
- }))
- }//连接上时回调
- ws.onclose = function (e) {
- console.log('关闭')
- }//断开连接时回调
- ws.onmessage = function (e) {
- let data = JSON.parse(e.data)
- console.log('收到消息' + data.msg)
- ws.close()
- }//收到服务端消息
- ws.onerror = function (e) {
- console.log('出错')
- }//连接出错
- </script>
- </body>
- </html>
前端打印结果:
服务端打印结果:
有以上效果说明一个最简单的ws连接就实现了,下面,我们优化一下,为了降低耦合,我们先引入eventBus发布订阅,然后新建一个websocket类继承自原生WebSocket,因为,我们要在里面做心跳和重连
在服务端,我们先把server完善一下,通过http的upgrade过滤验证ws连接
在原有的服务端增加http服务并做好路径验证
- const http = require('http');
- const server = http.createServer()
-
- server.on("upgrade", (req, socket, head) => {//通过http.server过滤数据
- let url = new URL(req.url, `http://${req.headers.host}`)
- let name = url.searchParams.get('name')//获取连接标识
- if(!checkUrl(url.pathname, pathname)) {//未按标准
- socket.write('未按照标准访问');
- socket.destroy();
- return;
- }
- })
- server.listen(port, () => {
- console.log('服务开启')
- })
-
- //验证url标准
- function checkUrl (url, key) {//判断url是否包含key
- return - ~ url.indexOf(key)
- }
完成httpServer后,我们再完善一下websocket服务,将每一个连接的用户都通过代理保存并实现增删,得到以下完整的服务端
- const http = require('http');
- const WebSocket = require('ws');
- const port = 1024//端口
- const pathname = '/ws/'//访问路径
- const server = http.createServer()
-
- class WebSocketServer extends WebSocket.Server {
- constructor () {
- super(...arguments);
- this.webSocketClient = {}//存放已连接的客户端
- }
-
- set ws (val) {//代理当前的ws,赋值时将其初始化
- this._ws = val
- val.t = this;
- val.on('error', this.errorHandler)
- val.on('close', this.closeHandler)
- val.on('message', this.messageHandler)
- }
-
- get ws () {
- return this._ws
- }
-
- messageHandler (e) {
- console.info('接收客户端消息')
- let data = JSON.parse(e)
- switch(data.ModeCode) {
- case 'message':
- console.log('收到消息' + data.msg)
- this.send(e)
- break;
- case 'heart_beat':
- console.log(`收到${this.name}心跳${data.msg}`)
- this.send(e)
- break;
- }
- }
-
- errorHandler (e) {
- this.t.removeClient(this)
- console.info('客户端出错')
- }
-
- closeHandler (e) {
- this.t.removeClient(this)
- console.info('客户端已断开')
- }
-
- addClient (item) {//设备上线时添加到客户端列表
- if(this.webSocketClient[item['name']]) {
- console.log(item['name'] + '客户端已存在')
- this.webSocketClient[item['name']].close()
- }
- console.log(item['name'] + '客户端已添加')
- this.webSocketClient[item['name']] = item
- }
-
- removeClient (item) {//设备断线时从客户端列表删除
- if(!this.webSocketClient[item['name']]) {
- console.log(item['name'] + '客户端不存在')
- return;
- }
- console.log(item['name'] + '客户端已移除')
- this.webSocketClient[item['name']] = null
- }
- }
-
- const webSocketServer = new WebSocketServer({noServer: true})
- server.on("upgrade", (req, socket, head) => {//通过http.server过滤数据
- let url = new URL(req.url, `http://${req.headers.host}`)
- let name = url.searchParams.get('name')//获取连接标识
- if(!checkUrl(url.pathname, pathname)) {//未按标准
- socket.write('未按照标准访问');
- socket.destroy();
- return;
- }
- webSocketServer.handleUpgrade(req, socket, head, function (ws) {
- ws.name = name//添加索引,方便在客户端列表查询某个socket连接
- webSocketServer.addClient(ws);
- webSocketServer.ws = ws
- });
- })
- server.listen(port, () => {
- console.log('服务开启')
- })
-
- //验证url标准
- function checkUrl (url, key) {//判断url是否包含key
- return - ~ url.indexOf(key)
- }
当连接断开时,只有客户端主动访问服务端才能实现重连,所以客户端的功能要比服务端更多一些,我们把客户端的websocket完善优化一下,添加一些简单的控制功能(连接,发消息,断开)的按钮,这里有一点需要注意:在下次连接之前一定要先关闭当前连接,否则会导致多个客户端同时连接,消耗性能
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>
- Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <button id="connect">
- 连接
- </button>
- <button disabled
- id="sendMessage">
- 发送
- </button>
- <button disabled
- id="destroy">
- 关闭
- </button>
- <script type="module">
- const name = 'test'//连接用户名
- let connect = document.querySelector('#connect'),//连接按钮
- sendMessage = document.querySelector('#sendMessage'),//发送按钮
- destroy = document.querySelector('#destroy'),//关闭按钮
- wsUrl = 'ws://127.0.0.1:1024/ws/?name=' + name,//连接地址
- ws;
-
- connect.addEventListener('click', connectWebSocket)
- sendMessage.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
- ws.send(JSON.stringify({
- ModeCode: "message",
- msg: 'hello'
- }))
- })
- destroy.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
- ws.close()
- ws = null
- })
-
- function connectWebSocket () {
- if(!ws) {//第一次执行,初始化或ws断开时可执行
- ws = new WebSocket(wsUrl)
- initWebSocket()
- }
- }
-
- function initWebSocket () {
- ws.onopen = function (e) {
- setButtonState('open')
- console.log('开启')
- }//连接上时回调
- ws.onclose = function (e) {
- setButtonState('close')
- console.log('关闭')
- }//断开连接时回调
- ws.onmessage = function (e) {
- let data = JSON.parse(e.data)
- console.log('收到消息' + data.msg)
- }//收到服务端消息
- ws.onerror = function (e) {
- setButtonState('close')
- console.log('出错')
- }//连接出错
- }
-
- /*
- * 设置按钮是否可点击
- * @param state:open表示开启状态,close表示关闭状态
- */
- function setButtonState (state) {
- switch(state) {
- case 'open':
- connect.disabled = true
- sendMessage.disabled = false
- destroy.disabled = false
- break;
- case 'close':
- connect.disabled = false
- sendMessage.disabled = true
- destroy.disabled = true
- break;
- }
- }
- </script>
- </body>
- </html>
效果如下:
到了这一步,我们websocket的demo已经可以手动运行,在此基础上,我们将其封装一下,并且通过eventBus对外进行通信就可以用了,具体流程将与接下来的心跳一起实现
websocket心跳机制:顾名思义,就是客户端每隔一段时间向服务端发送一个特有的心跳消息,每次服务端收到消息后只需将消息返回,此时,若二者还保持连接,则客户端就会收到消息,若没收到,则说明连接断开,此时,客户端就要主动重连,完成一个周期
心跳的实现也很简单,只需在第一次连接时用回调函数做延时处理,此时还需要设置一个心跳超时时间,若某时间段内客户端发送了消息,而服务端未返回,则认定为断线。下面,我就来实现一下心跳
- //this.heartBeat ---> time:心跳时间间隔 timeout:心跳超时间隔
- /*
- * 心跳初始函数
- * @param time:心跳时间间隔
- */
- function startHeartBeat (time) {
- setTimeout(() => {
- this.sendMsg({
- ModeCode: ModeCode.HEART_BEAT,
- msg: new Date()
- })
- this.waitingServer()
- }, time)
- }
- //延时等待服务端响应,通过webSocketState判断是否连线成功
- function waitingServer () {
- this.webSocketState = false//在线状态
- setTimeout(() => {
- if(this.webSocketState) {
- this.startHeartBeat(this.heartBeat.time)
- return
- }
- console.log('心跳无响应,已断线')
- this.close()
- //重连操作
- }, this.heartBeat.timeout)
- }
'运行
心跳实现完成后,只需要在ws.onopen中调用即可,效果如下:
然后是重连部分,其实只需要新建一个延时回调,与心跳相似,只不过它是在连接失败时使用的,这里就不多做说明。以下是完整版的代码:
websocket部分:
- import eventBus
- from "./eventBus.js"
-
- const ModeCode = {//websocket消息类型
- MSG: 'message',//普通消息
- HEART_BEAT: 'heart_beat'//心跳
- }
-
- export default class MyWebSocket extends WebSocket {
- constructor (url, protocols) {
- super(url, protocols);
- return this
- }
-
- /*
- * 入口函数
- * @param heartBeatConfig time:心跳时间间隔 timeout:心跳超时间隔 reconnect:断线重连时间间隔
- * @param isReconnect 是否断线重连
- */
- init (heartBeatConfig, isReconnect) {
- this.onopen = this.openHandler//连接上时回调
- this.onclose = this.closeHandler//断开连接时回调
- this.onmessage = this.messageHandler//收到服务端消息
- this.onerror = this.errorHandler//连接出错
- this.heartBeat = heartBeatConfig
- this.isReconnect = isReconnect
- this.reconnectTimer = null//断线重连时间器
- this.webSocketState = false//socket状态 true为已连接
- }
-
- openHandler () {
- eventBus.emitEvent('changeBtnState', 'open')//触发事件改变按钮样式
- this.webSocketState = true//socket状态设置为连接,做为后面的断线重连的拦截器
- this.heartBeat && this.heartBeat.time ? this.startHeartBeat(this.heartBeat.time) : ""//是否启动心跳机制
- console.log('开启')
- }
-
- messageHandler (e) {
- let data = this.getMsg(e)
- switch(data.ModeCode) {
- case ModeCode.MSG://普通消息
- console.log('收到消息' + data.msg)
- break;
- case ModeCode.HEART_BEAT://心跳
- this.webSocketState = true
- console.log('收到心跳响应' + data.msg)
- break;
- }
- }
-
- closeHandler () {//socket关闭
- eventBus.emitEvent('changeBtnState', 'close')//触发事件改变按钮样式
- this.webSocketState = false//socket状态设置为断线
- console.log('关闭')
- }
-
- errorHandler () {//socket出错
- eventBus.emitEvent('changeBtnState', 'close')//触发事件改变按钮样式
- this.webSocketState = false//socket状态设置为断线
- this.reconnectWebSocket()//重连
- console.log('出错')
- }
-
- sendMsg (obj) {
- this.send(JSON.stringify(obj))
- }
-
- getMsg (e) {
- return JSON.parse(e.data)
- }
-
- /*
- * 心跳初始函数
- * @param time:心跳时间间隔
- */
- startHeartBeat (time) {
- setTimeout(() => {
- this.sendMsg({
- ModeCode: ModeCode.HEART_BEAT,
- msg: new Date()
- })
- this.waitingServer()
- }, time)
- }
-
- //延时等待服务端响应,通过webSocketState判断是否连线成功
- waitingServer () {
- this.webSocketState = false
- setTimeout(() => {
- if(this.webSocketState) {
- this.startHeartBeat(this.heartBeat.time)
- return
- }
- console.log('心跳无响应,已断线')
- try {
- this.close()
- } catch(e) {
- console.log('连接已关闭,无需关闭')
- }
- this.reconnectWebSocket()
- }, this.heartBeat.timeout)
- }
-
- //重连操作
- reconnectWebSocket () {
- if(!this.isReconnect) {
- return;
- }
- this.reconnectTimer = setTimeout(() => {
- eventBus.emitEvent('reconnect')
- }, this.heartBeat.reconnect)
- }
- }
index.html部分:
- <!DOCTYPE html>
- <html lang="en">
- <head>
- <meta charset="UTF-8">
- <title>
- Title</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <button id="connect">
- 连接
- </button>
- <button disabled
- id="sendMessage">
- 发送
- </button>
- <button disabled
- id="destroy">
- 关闭
- </button>
- <script type="module">
- import eventBus
- from "./js/eventBus.js"
- import MyWebSocket
- from './js/webSocket.js'
-
- const name = 'test'//连接用户名
- let connect = document.querySelector('#connect')
- let sendMessage = document.querySelector('#sendMessage')
- let destroy = document.querySelector('#destroy')
- let myWebSocket,
- wsUrl = 'ws://127.0.0.1:1024/ws/?name=' + name
-
- eventBus.onEvent('changeBtnState', setButtonState)//设置按钮样式
- eventBus.onEvent('reconnect', reconnectWebSocket)//接收重连消息
- connect.addEventListener('click', reconnectWebSocket)
- sendMessage.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
- myWebSocket.sendMsg({
- ModeCode: "message",
- msg: 'hello'
- })
- })
- destroy.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
- myWebSocket.close()
- })
-
- function reconnectWebSocket () {
- if(!myWebSocket) {//第一次执行,初始化
- connectWebSocket()
- }
- if(myWebSocket && myWebSocket.reconnectTimer) {//防止多个websocket同时执行
- clearTimeout(myWebSocket.reconnectTimer)
- myWebSocket.reconnectTimer = null
- connectWebSocket()
- }
- }
-
- function connectWebSocket () {
- myWebSocket = new MyWebSocket(wsUrl);
- myWebSocket.init({//time:心跳时间间隔 timeout:心跳超时间隔 reconnect:断线重连时
- time: 30 * 1000,
- timeout: 3 * 1000,
- reconnect: 10 * 1000
- }, true)
- }
-
- /*
- * 设置按钮是否可点击
- * @param state:open表示开启状态,close表示关闭状态
- */
- function setButtonState (state) {
- switch(state) {
- case 'open':
- connect.disabled = true
- sendMessage.disabled = false
- destroy.disabled = false
- break;
- case 'close':
- connect.disabled = false
- sendMessage.disabled = true
- destroy.disabled = true
- break;
- }
- }
- </script>
- </body>
- </html>
最终实现的效果如下,即使后端服务关闭,或者是断网状态,客户端都能保持重连状态
最后,感谢你看到了这里,文章有任何问题欢迎大佬指出与讨论
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