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[Unity]使用状态机模式创建平台控制游戏（以Unity酱为例）_unity酱怎么使用

作者：盐析白兔 | 2024-02-21 16:31:47

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unity酱怎么使用

学习目标：

之前我们已经写过非常多的脚本控制玩家类，动画器复杂的连线和众多的判断条件bool类型之类的让我们应接不暇，所以我们不妨使用unity常用的状态机脚本模式来编写代码，今天就从b站看到了一部状态机脚本教程，就试着跟着老师一起写一下。

[Unity] 平台游戏控制器教程 Ep.00 教程简介_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

今天就把学到的状态机知识全部吐出来吧。

【项目资源包下载】（在老师的视频简介课看到）

- 百度网盘 - https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Xk6VwiKh2Jzun8HVCt97mg?pwd=j9aa 提取码：j9aa

- Google Drive - https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VAwWqFeKIiu-gpwJdfUsDnijJ-fFu_HF/view?usp=sharing

学习内容：

首先我们先创建一个3D项目，把刚刚下载好的素材拖进来

我们需要把没用的插件给删除掉，然后再下载几个插件，这些都是UNity自带的，例如cinemaChine,Poss-Poccessing,Input systems,最后在in Project中就这些

点开老师创建好的场景，会发现有地图，人物，和一些粒子系统

还有创建好的后处理系统

然而这些都不是我们这篇文章要讲的重点，最主要是我也不太会这些专业名字。

然后我们就开始编写脚本吧。

代码部分：

按这样管理好脚本的文件夹

然后我们先创建状态机系统吧，先在Base文件夹下创建一个IState接口来给玩家状态机继承。


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
public interface IState 
{
    void Enter();
    void Exit();
    void LogicUpdate();
    void PhysicsUpdate();
}

我们还需要一个PlayerController控制玩家移动的


using UnityEngine;
 
public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour
{
 
    Rigidbody rigibody;
 
 
    private void Awake()
    {
 
        rigibody = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
    }
 
    private void Start()
    {
    }
 
    
 
    public void SetVelocity(Vector3 velocityY)
    {
        rigibody.velocity = velocityY;
    }
 
    public void SetVelocityX(float velocityX)
    {
        rigibody.velocity = new Vector3(velocityX, rigibody.velocity.y);
    }
 
    public void SetVelocityY(float velocityY)
    {
        rigibody.velocity = new Vector3(rigibody.velocity.x, velocityY);
    }
}

然后我们创建一个玩家状态机让它继承接口并且实现接口的方法。


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
public class PlayerStates : ScriptableObject, IState
{
    protected PlayerController player;
 
    
    public void Initialize(PlayerController player)
    {
        this.player = player;
        
    }
    public virtual void Enter()
    {
        
    }
 
    public virtual void Exit()
    {
        
    }
 
    public virtual void LogicUpdate()
    {
        
    }
 
    public virtual void PhysicsUpdate()
    {
        
    }
}

初始工作做完后，我们可以使用Input Systems继续做一个动作系统

之前的视频已经做过类似的了，所以我这里直接就将动作表贴出来了。

然后点击Generate C#脚本

他就生成了那个PlayerInputActions的脚本，然后我们再创建一个PlayerInput脚本，把我们上面创建的脚本放在Player上。


using UnityEngine;
 
public class PlayerInput : MonoBehaviour
{
    PlayerInputActions playerInputActions;
 
    Vector2 Axes => playerInputActions.GamePlay.Axes.ReadValue<Vector2>();
    public bool Jump => playerInputActions.GamePlay.Jump.WasPerformedThisFrame();
    public bool StopJump => playerInputActions.GamePlay.Jump.WasReleasedThisFrame();
 
    public bool Move => AxisX != 0;
    public float AxisX => Axes.x;
    private void Awake()
    {
        playerInputActions = new PlayerInputActions();
    }
 
    public void EnableGamePlayInput()
    {
        playerInputActions.GamePlay.Enable();
        Cursor.lockState = CursorLockMode.Locked;
    }
}

我们还需要一个StateMachine状态机脚本，它负责存储保存好的状态通过字典，然后切换退出开始状态，在它的Update函数中逐帧执行Istate的逻辑函数，然后再FixedUpdate上执行和物理运动相关的函数。


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
public class StateMachine : MonoBehaviour
{
    IState currentState;
 
    protected Dictionary<System.Type, IState> stateTable;
 
    private void Update()
    {
        currentState.LogicUpdate();
    }
 
    private void FixedUpdate()
    {
        currentState.PhysicsUpdate();
    }
 
    protected void SwitchOn(IState newState)
    {
        currentState = newState;
        currentState.Enter();
    }
 
    public void SwitchState(IState newState)
    {
        currentState.Exit();
        SwitchOn(newState);
    }
 
    public void SwitchState(System.Type newStateType)
    {
        SwitchState(stateTable[newStateType]);
    }
}

创建PlayerStateMachine让它继承这个类


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
public class PlayerStateMachine : StateMachine
{
 
    [SerializeField] PlayerStates[] states;
 
    Animator animator;
 
    PlayerInput input;
    PlayerController player;
 
    private void Awake()
    {
        animator = GetComponentInChildren<Animator>();
        player = GetComponent<PlayerController>();
        input = GetComponent<PlayerInput>();
 
        stateTable = new Dictionary<System.Type, IState>(states.Length);
 
        foreach (PlayerStates state in states)
        {
            state.Initialize(animator,player, input ,this);
            stateTable.Add(state.GetType(),state);
        }
    }
 
    private void Start()
    {
        SwitchOn(stateTable[typeof(PlayerState_Idle)]);
    }
}

包括：在Awake函数利用循环结构初始化我们的状态以及为字典添加状态。

最后在完善PlayerStates脚本


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
public class PlayerStates : ScriptableObject, IState
{
    [SerializeField,Range(0f,1f)] float transitionDuration = 0.1f;
    [SerializeField] string stateName;
    int stateHash;
    float stateStartTime;
 
    protected float currentSpeed;
 
    protected Animator animator;
 
    protected PlayerController player;
 
    protected PlayerStateMachine playerStateMachine;
 
    protected PlayerInput input;
 
    protected float StateDuration => Time.time - stateStartTime;
    protected bool IsAnimationFinished => StateDuration >= animator.GetCurrentAnimatorStateInfo(0).length;
    private void OnEnable()
    {
        stateHash = Animator.StringToHash(stateName);
    }
    public void Initialize(Animator animator,PlayerController player,PlayerInput input,PlayerStateMachine playerStateMachine)
    {
        this.player = player;
        this.animator = animator;
        this.playerStateMachine = playerStateMachine;
        this.input = input;
    }
    public virtual void Enter()
    {
        //通过哈希值在内存中找到指定的对象
        animator.CrossFade(stateHash, transitionDuration);
        stateStartTime = Time.time;
    }
 
    public virtual void Exit()
    {
        
    }
 
    public virtual void LogicUpdate()
    {
        
    }
 
    public virtual void PhysicsUpdate()
    {
        
    }
}

并且再完善一下PlayerController脚本


using UnityEngine;
 
public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour
{
    PlayerGroundDetector groundDetector;
    PlayerInput input;
    Rigidbody rigibody;
 
    public float MoveSpeed =>Mathf.Abs( rigibody.velocity.x);
    public bool isGrounded => groundDetector.isOnGrounded;
    public bool isFalling => rigibody.velocity.y < 0f && !isGrounded;
 
    private void Awake()
    {
        groundDetector = GetComponentInChildren<PlayerGroundDetector>();
        input = GetComponent<PlayerInput>();
        rigibody = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
    }
 
    private void Start()
    {
        input.EnableGamePlayInput();
    }
 
    public void Move(float speed)
    {
        if (input.Move)
        {
            transform.localScale = new Vector3(input.AxisX, 1, 1);
        }
 
        SetVelocityX(speed * input.AxisX);
    }
 
    public void SetVelocity(Vector3 velocityY)
    {
        rigibody.velocity = velocityY;
    }
 
    public void SetVelocityX(float velocityX)
    {
        rigibody.velocity = new Vector3(velocityX, rigibody.velocity.y);
    }
 
    public void SetVelocityY(float velocityY)
    {
        rigibody.velocity = new Vector3(rigibody.velocity.x, velocityY);
    }
}

这里的isGround设计到另一个脚本PlayerGroundDetector脚本，可以看到作者已经为我们添加好一个Gruonded Detector的空对象，我们就直接拖进来就完事了


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
public class PlayerGroundDetector : MonoBehaviour
{
    [SerializeField] float detectionRadius = 0.1f;
 
    Collider[] colliders = new Collider[1];
 
    [SerializeField] LayerMask groundLayer;
    public bool isOnGrounded
    {
        get
        {
            //不会产生内存分配，也就不会有垃圾回收机制
            return Physics.OverlapSphereNonAlloc(transform.position, detectionRadius, colliders, groundLayer) != 0;
        }
    }
 
    private void OnDrawGizmos()
    {
        Gizmos.color = Color.red;
        Gizmos.DrawWireSphere(transform.position, detectionRadius);
    }
}

最后我们依次为Player的每个动作添加一个状态脚本（如Idle,Run,Jump）这些我们通过特性CreateAssetMenu来为它们每个创建一个图标方便调用。

大伙先像我这样创建好各个脚本，然后我们梳理一下各个脚本的逻辑就开始编写吧。


using UnityEngine;
 
[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "Data/StateMachine/PlayerState/Idle",fileName = "PlayerState_Idle")]
public class PlayerState_Idle : PlayerStates
{
    [SerializeField] float deceleration = 5f;
    public override void Enter()
    {
        base.Enter();
 
        currentSpeed = player.MoveSpeed;
    }
 
    public override void LogicUpdate()
    {
        if(input.Move)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Run));
        }
        if (input.Jump)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_JumpUp));
        }
        if (!player.isGrounded)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Fall));
        }
 
        currentSpeed = Mathf.MoveTowards(currentSpeed, 0f, deceleration * Time.deltaTime);
    }
 
    public override void PhysicsUpdate()
    {
        player.SetVelocityX(currentSpeed * player.transform.localScale.x);
    }
}


using UnityEngine;
[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "Data/StateMachine/PlayerState/Run", fileName = "PlayerState_Run")]
public class PlayerState_Run : PlayerStates
{
    [SerializeField] float runSpeed = 5f;
    [SerializeField] float accleration = 5f;
    public override void Enter()
    {
        base.Enter();
 
        currentSpeed = player.MoveSpeed;
    }
    public override void LogicUpdate()
    {
        if (!input.Move)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Idle));
        }
        if (input.Jump)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_JumpUp));
        }
        if (!player.isGrounded)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Fall));
        }
 
        currentSpeed = Mathf.MoveTowards(currentSpeed, runSpeed, accleration * Time.deltaTime);
    }
 
    public override void PhysicsUpdate()
    {
        player.Move(currentSpeed);
    }
 
}


using UnityEngine;
 
[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "Data/StateMachine/PlayerState/Fall", fileName = "PlayerState_Fall")]
public class PlayerState_Fall : PlayerStates
{
    [SerializeField] AnimationCurve speedCurve;
    [SerializeField] float moveSpeed = 5f;
    public override void LogicUpdate()
    {
        if (player.isGrounded)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Land));
        }
    }
 
    public override void PhysicsUpdate()
    {
        player.Move(moveSpeed);
        player.SetVelocityY( speedCurve.Evaluate(StateDuration));
    }
 
 
}


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "Data/StateMachine/PlayerState/JumpUp", fileName = "PlayerState_JumpUp")]
public class PlayerState_JumpUp : PlayerStates
{
    [SerializeField] float jumpForce = 7f;
    [SerializeField] float moveSpeed = 5f;
    public override void Enter()
    {
        base.Enter();
 
        player.SetVelocityY(jumpForce);
    }
 
    public override void LogicUpdate()
    {
        if (input.StopJump || player.isFalling)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Fall));
        }
    }
    public override void PhysicsUpdate()
    {
        player.Move(moveSpeed);
    }
}


using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
 
[CreateAssetMenu(menuName = "Data/StateMachine/PlayerState/Land", fileName = "PlayerState_Land")]
public class PlayerState_Land : PlayerStates
{
    [SerializeField] float stiffTime = 0.2f;
    public override void Enter()
    {
        base.Enter();
 
        player.SetVelocity(Vector3.zero); 
    }
 
    public override void LogicUpdate()
    {
        if (input.Jump)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_JumpUp));
        }
        if (StateDuration < stiffTime)
            return;
 
        if (input.Move)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Run));
 
        }
        if (IsAnimationFinished)
        {
            playerStateMachine.SwitchState(typeof(PlayerState_Idle));
        }
    }
}

别忘了给墙壁添加Ground 的Layer

给我们的Unity_Chan添加好动画组件后并且摆放好，我们终于终结了复杂的动画连线了。最后再给Main Camera一个CinemaMachine.

学习产出：

最后我们设置好它们的State属性

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