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class="channel_top_line"><div class="cn_t_l"></div><div class="cn_t_r"></div></div><div class="article_channel_info">当前位置: <a href="/article/list/1">article</a> > 正文 </div></div><div class="article_title"><h1>常见反爬虫手段及应对策略_请举出一些针对反爬虫的应对策略。</h1></div><div class="article_info"><div class="article_c_info"> 作者：盐析白兔 | 2024-03-12 23:27:15</div><div class="article_click" style="width: 140px;"><p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><i class="img-up txclick" attc="upclick" attn="0"></i><span class="num"> 赞</span></p><p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><i class="img-down txclick" attc="downclick" attn="0"></i><span class="num">踩</span></p></div></div><div class="article_intro">请举出一些针对反爬虫的应对策略。</div><div class="article_content article_contentheight"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/blogv2/dist/mdeditor/css/editerView/kdoc_html_views-1a98987dfd.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/blogv2/dist/mdeditor/css/editerView/ck_htmledit_views-044f2cf1dc.css"> <div id="content_views" class="htmledit_views"> <p><span style="color:#000000;"><strong>网站反爬虫的手段</strong></span></p> <p><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>（</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>1</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>）</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>User-Agent</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>校验反爬</strong></span></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><span style="color:#000000;">浏览器在发送请求的时候，会附带一部分浏览器及当前系统环境的参数给服务器，服务器会通过</span><span style="color:#000000;">User-Agent</span><span style="color:#000000;">的值来区分不同的浏览器。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><img alt="" class="has" height="195" src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2019123020490880.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2JpbmdvY29kZXI=,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" width="800"></p> <p><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>（</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>2</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>）</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过访问频度反爬</strong></span> </p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><span style="color:#000000;">普通用户通过浏览器访问网站的速度相对爬虫而言要慢的多，所以不少网站会利用这一点对访问频度设定一个阈值，如果一个</span><span style="color:#000000;">IP</span><span style="color:#000000;">单位时间内访问频度超过了预设的阈值，将会对该</span><span style="color:#000000;">IP</span><span style="color:#000000;">做出访问限制。</span></p> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#000000;">通常需要经过验证码验证后才能继续正常访问，严重的甚至会禁止该</span> <span style="color:#000000;">IP</span> <span style="color:#000000;">访问网站一段时间。</span> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <img alt="" class="has" height="340" src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191230204958731.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2JpbmdvY29kZXI=,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" width="366"> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>（</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>3</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>）</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过验证码校验反爬</strong></span> </div> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><span style="color:#000000;">有部分网站不论访问频度如何，一定要来访者输入验证码才能继续操作。例如</span><span style="color:#000000;">12306</span><span style="color:#000000;">网站，不管是登陆还是购票，全部需要验证验证码，与访问频度无关。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><img alt="" class="has" height="313" src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2019123020511116.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2JpbmdvY29kZXI=,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" width="458"></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>（</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>4</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>）</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过变换网页结构反爬</strong></span></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><span style="color:#000000;">一些社交网站常常会更换网页结构，而爬虫大部分情况下都需要通过网页结构来解析需要的数据，所以这种做法也能起到反爬虫的作用。在网页结构变换后，爬虫往往无法在原本的网页位置找到原本需要的内容。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><img alt="" class="has" height="352" src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191230205142317.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2JpbmdvY29kZXI=,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" width="640"></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>（</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>5</strong></span><span style="color:#404040;"><strong>）</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过账号权限反爬</strong></span></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><span style="color:#000000;">部分网站需要登录才能继续操作，这部分网站虽然并不是为了反爬虫才要求登录操作，但确实起到了反爬虫的作用。例如微博查看评论就需要登录账号。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:33px;"><img alt="" class="has" height="326" src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20191230205342268.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2JpbmdvY29kZXI=,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" width="487"></p> <h3 style="text-indent:33px;"><a name="t0"></a><span style="color:#000000;"><strong>爬取策略制定</strong></span></h3> <p style="margin-left:0in;"><span style="color:#000000;"> 针对之前介绍的常见的反爬虫手段，可以制定对应的爬取策略如下。</span></p> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#032089;">Ø</span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>发送模拟</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>User-Agent</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>：</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;">通过发送模拟</span> <span style="color:#404040;">User-Agent</span> <span style="color:#404040;">来通过检验，将要发送至网站服务器的请求的</span> <span style="color:#404040;">User-Agent</span> <span style="color:#404040;">值伪装成一般用户登录网站时使用的</span> <span style="color:#404040;">User-Agent</span> <span style="color:#404040;">值。</span> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#032089;">Ø</span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>调整访问频度：</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;">通过备用</span> <span style="color:#404040;">IP</span> <span style="color:#404040;">测试网站的访问频率阈值，然后设置访问频率比阈值略低。这种方法既能保证爬取的稳定性，又能使效率又不至于过于低下。</span> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#032089;">Ø</span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过验证码校验：</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;">使用</span> <span style="color:#404040;">IP</span> <span style="color:#404040;">代理，更换爬虫</span> <span style="color:#404040;">IP</span> <span style="color:#404040;">；通过算法识别验证码；使用</span> <span style="color:#404040;">cookie</span> <span style="color:#404040;">绕过验证码。</span> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#032089;">Ø</span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>应对网站结构变化：</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;">只爬取一次时，在其网站结构调整之前，将需要的数据全部爬取下来；使用脚本对网站结构进行监测，结构变化时，发出告警并及时停止爬虫。</span> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#032089;">Ø</span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过账号权限限制：</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;">通过模拟登录的方法进行规避，往往也需要通过验证码检验。</span> </div> <div style="margin-left:.4in;"> <span style="color:#032089;">Ø</span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>通过代理</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>IP</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;"><strong>规避：</strong></span> <span style="color:#404040;">通过代理进行</span> <span style="color:#404040;">IP</span> <span 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