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python外星人入侵小项目(一)
python外星人入侵小项目(二)
python外星人入侵小项目(三)
python外星人入侵小项目(四)
python外星人入侵小项目(五)
python外星人入侵小项目(六)
python外星人入侵小项目(七)
子弹击中外星人时,我们要马上知道,以便碰撞发生后让外星人立即消失。为此,我们将在更新子弹的位置后立即检测碰撞。 方法sprite.groupcollide()
将每颗子弹的rect 同每个外星人的rect 进行比较,并返回一个字典,其中包含发生了碰撞的子弹和外星人。在这个字典中,每个键都是一 颗子弹,而相应的值都是被击中的外星人。
这个游戏的一个重要特点是外星人无穷无尽,一个外星人群被消灭后,又会出现一群外星人。 要在外星人群被消灭后又显示一群外星人,首先需要检查编组aliens 是否为空。如果为空,就调用create_fleet()
。我们将在update_bullets()
中执行这种检查,因为外星人都是在这里被消灭的
我们首先检查外星人和飞船之间的碰撞,以便外星人撞上飞船时我们能够作出合适的响应。我们在更新每个外星人的位置后立即检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞。
现在需要确定外星人与飞船发生碰撞时,该做些什么。我们不销毁ship 实例并创建一个新的ship 实例,而是通过跟踪游戏的统计信息来记录飞船被撞了多少次(跟踪统计信息 还有助于记分)。 编写一个用于跟踪游戏统计信息的新类——GameStats ,并将其保存为文件game_stats.py
如果有外星人到达屏幕底端,我们将像有外星人撞到飞船那样作出响应。请添加一个执行这项任务的新函数,并将其命名为update_aliens()
现在这个游戏看起来更完整了,但它永远都不会结束,只是ships_left
不断变成更小的负数。下面在GameStats 中添加一个作为标志的属性game_active
,以便在玩家的飞船用完后结束游戏
文件代码:
alien_invasion.py:
import sys import pygame from settings import Settings from ship import Ship from alien import Alien import game_functions as gf from pygame.sprite import Group from game_stats import GameStats def run_game(): # 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象 pygame.init() ai_settings = Settings() screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height)) pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion") # 创建一个存储统计信息的实例 stats = GameStats(ai_settings) # 创建一艘飞船 ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen) bullets = Group() aliens = Group() # 创建外星人群 gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens) while True: gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets) if stats.game_active: ship.update() gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets) gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets) gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets) run_game()
alien.py:
import pygame from pygame.sprite import Sprite class Alien(Sprite): """表示单个外星人的类""" def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen): """初始化外星人并设置其起始位置""" super(Alien, self).__init__() self.screen = screen self.ai_settings = ai_settings # 加载外星人图像,并设置其rect属性 self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp') self.rect = self.image.get_rect() # 每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近 self.rect.x = self.rect.width self.rect.y = self.rect.height # 存储外星人的准确位置 self.x = float(self.rect.x) def blitme(self): """在指定位置绘制外星人""" self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect) def check_edges(self): """如果外星人位于屏幕边缘,就返回True""" screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect() if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right: return True elif self.rect.left <= 0: return True def update(self): """向左或向右移动外星人""" self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor * self.ai_settings.fleet_direction) self.rect.x = self.x
game_functions.py:
import sys import pygame from bullet import Bullet from alien import Alien from time import sleep def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets): """响应按键""" if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT: ship.moving_right = True elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT: ship.moving_left = True elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE: fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets) elif event.key == pygame.K_q: sys.exit() def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets): """如果还没有到达限制,就发射一颗子弹""" # 创建新子弹,并将其加入到编组bullets中 if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed: new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship) bullets.add(new_bullet) def check_keyup_events(event, ship): """响应松开""" if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT: ship.moving_right = False elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT: ship.moving_left = False def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets): """响应按键和鼠标事件""" for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: sys.exit() elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets) elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP: check_keyup_events(event, ship) def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets): """更新屏幕上的图像,并切换到新屏幕""" # 每次循环时都重绘屏幕 screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color) for bullet in bullets.sprites(): bullet.draw_bullet() ship.blitme() aliens.draw(screen) # 让最近绘制的屏幕可见 pygame.display.flip() def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets): """更新子弹的位置,并删除已消失的子弹""" # 更新子弹的位置 bullets.update() # 删除已消失的子弹 for bullet in bullets.copy(): if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0: bullets.remove(bullet) check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets) def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets): """响应子弹和外星人的碰撞""" # 删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人 collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True) if len(aliens) == 0: # 删除现有的子弹并新建一群外星人 bullets.empty() create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens) def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width): """计算每行可容纳多少个外星人""" available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width)) return number_aliens_x def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height): """计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人""" available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height - (7 * alien_height) - ship_height) number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height)) return number_rows def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number): """创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行""" alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen) alien_width = alien.rect.width alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number alien.rect.x = alien.x alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number aliens.add(alien) def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens): """有外星人到达边缘时采取相应的措施""" for alien in aliens.sprites(): if alien.check_edges(): change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens) break def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens): """将整群外星人下移,并改变它们的方向""" for alien in aliens.sprites(): alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1 def ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets): """响应被外星人撞到的飞船""" # 将ships_left减1 if stats.ships_left > 0: stats.ships_left -= 1 # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表 aliens.empty() bullets.empty() # 创建一群新的外星人,并将飞船放到屏幕底端中央 create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens) ship.center_ship() # 暂停 sleep(0.5) else: stats.game_active = False def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets): """检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端""" screen_rect = screen.get_rect() for alien in aliens.sprites(): if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom: # 像飞船被撞到一样进行处理 ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets) break def update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets): """ 检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘,并更新整群外星人的位置 """ check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens) aliens.update() # 检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞 if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens): ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets) check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets) def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens): """创建外星人群""" alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen) number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width) number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height, alien.rect.height) # 创建外星人群 for row_number in range(number_rows): for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x): create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number)
game_stats.py:
class GameStats():
"""跟踪游戏的统计信息"""
def __init__(self, ai_settings):
"""初始化统计信息"""
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
self.reset_stats()
self.game_active = True
def reset_stats(self):
"""初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit
ship.py:
import pygame class Ship(): def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen): """初始化飞船并设置其初始位置""" self.screen = screen self.ai_settings = ai_settings # 加载飞船图像并获取其外接矩形 self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp') self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect() # 将每艘新飞船放在屏幕底部中央 self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom # 在飞船的属性center中存储小数值 self.center = float(self.rect.centerx) # 移动标志 self.moving_right = False self.moving_left = False def update(self): if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right: self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0: self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor # 根据self.center更新rect对象 self.rect.centerx = self.center def blitme(self): """在指定位置绘制飞船""" self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect) def center_ship(self): """让飞船在屏幕上居中""" self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx
settings.py:
class Settings(): """存储《外星人入侵》的所有设置的类""" def __init__(self): """初始化游戏的设置""" # 屏幕设置 self.screen_width = 1200 self.screen_height = 800 self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230) # 飞船的设置 self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5 # 子弹设置 self.ship_limit = 3 self.bullet_speed_factor = 3 self.bullet_width = 3 self.bullet_height = 15 self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60 self.bullets_allowed = 3 self.alien_speed_factor = 0.5 self.fleet_drop_speed = 10 # fleet_direction为1表示向右移,为-1表示向左移 self.fleet_direction = 1
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