Python从入门到实践项目——外星人入侵游戏_外星人入侵显示游戏等级的思路和程序实现方法

作者：小小林熬夜学编程 | 2024-02-21 07:36:07

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外星人入侵显示游戏等级的思路和程序实现方法

Alien_invasion-Game

用 Python 编写的外星人入侵小游戏
来源《Python编程从入门到实践》项目1 外星人入侵

操作方法

按左右键移动飞船
按空格键射击
按Q键退出

附上代码

主程序

import sys
import pygame
from  setting import Settings
from ship import Ship
from alien import Alien
import game_function as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
from game_stats import GameStats
from button import Button
from scoreboard import Scoreboard

def run_game():
    
    ai_settings = Settings()#创建一个实例
    # 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width,ai_settings.screen_height))

    programIcon = pygame.image.load("image\icon.bmp")
    pygame.display.set_icon(programIcon)
    pygame.display.set_caption("外星人入侵")

    #创建一艘飞船
    ship = Ship(ai_settings , screen)
    
    #创建一个用于存储子弹的编组
    bullets = Group()

    #创建一个外星人
    #alien = Alien(ai_settings,screen)

    #创建外星人群
    aliens = Group()
    gf.create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)

    #创建一个用于存储游戏信息的实例
    stats = GameStats(ai_settings)

    #创建记分牌
    sb = Scoreboard(ai_settings,screen,stats)

    # 创建play按钮
    play_button = Button(ai_settings,screen,'Play')

    #开始游戏的主循环
    while True:
        gf.check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets)

        if stats.game_active:
            ship.update()
            gf.update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets)
            gf.update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
        
        gf.update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets,play_button)

run_game()

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飞船类:设置飞船的相关参数

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Ship(Sprite):
    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        '''初始化飞船并设置其初始位置'''

        super(Ship,self).__init__()
        # Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.screen = screen

        self.ai_settings = ai_settings

        # 加载飞船图像并获得其外接矩形
        self.image = pygame.image.load("image\ship.bmp")
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()

        # 将每艘飞船放在屏幕底部中央
        self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom

        #在飞船属性center中存储小数
        self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)

        # 移动标志
        self.moving_right = False
        self.moving_left = False

    def update(self):
        '''根据移动标志调整飞船的位置'''
        #更新飞船的center值，而不是rect
        if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
            self.rect.centerx += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor

        if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:
            self.rect.centerx -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor

    def blitme(self):
        '''在指定位置绘制飞船'''
        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)

    def center_ship(self):
        '''让飞船在屏幕居中'''
        self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx
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外星人类

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Alien(Sprite):
    '''表示单个外星人的类'''

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        '''初始化外星人并设置其起始位置'''
        Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.screen = screen
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings

        # 加载外星人图像，并设置其rect属性
        self.image = pygame.image.load("image\\alien.bmp")
        self.rect =self.image.get_rect()

        # 每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
        self.rect.x = self.rect.width
        self.rect.y = self.rect.height

        # 存储外星人的准确位置
        self.x = float(self.rect.x)

    def blitme(self):
        '''在指定位置上绘制外星人'''
        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)

    def check_edges(self):
        '''如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，就返回True'''
        screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
        if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:
            return True
        elif self.rect.left <= 0:
            return True

    def update(self):
        '''向右移动外星人'''
        self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor * self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
        self.rect.x = self.x

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游戏运行函数

import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
from time import sleep

def check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets):
    '''响应按键和鼠标事件'''
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            sys.exit()

        elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
            check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)

        elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
            check_keyup_events(event,ship)

        elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
            mouse_x,mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
            check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y)

def check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y):
    '''在玩家单击play按钮时开始新游戏'''
    button_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x,mouse_y)
    if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
        # 重置游戏设置
        ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()

        # 隐藏光标
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
        # 重置游戏统计信息
        stats.rest_stats()
        stats.game_active = True

        # 重置记分牌图像
        sb.prep_score()
        sb.prep_high_score()
        sb.prep_level()
        sb.prep_ships()

        # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表 
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        # 创建一群新的外星人，并让飞船居中
        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
        ship.center_ship()

def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
        fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
    elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
        sys.exit()

def check_keyup_events(event,ship):
    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
        ship.moving_right = False
    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
        ship.moving_left = False

def fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
    #创建一颗子弹，并将其加到编组bullets中
    if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullet_allowed:
        new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship)
        bullets.add(new_bullet)   

def check_high_score(stats,sb):
    '''检查是否诞生了最高得分'''
    if stats.score > stats.high_score:
        stats.high_score = stats.score
        sb.prep_high_score()

def update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):
    '''更新子弹的位置，并消除已消失的子弹'''
    bullets.update()

    # 删除已消失的子弹
    for bullet in bullets.copy():
        if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
            bullets.remove(bullet)

    check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets)

def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):
    # 检查是否有子弹击中了外星人，若有就删除外星人和子弹
    collisios = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets,aliens,True,True)
    # 模拟高能子弹，后两个参数设置为 False,True
    if collisios:
        for alien in collisios.values():
            stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points
            sb.prep_score()
        check_high_score(stats,sb)

    #打完外星人后新建一批
    if(len(aliens) == 0):
        # 如果这批外星人都被消灭，就提高一个等级
        # 删除现有的子弹并新建一群外星人
        bullets.empty()
        ai_settings.increase_speed()

        # 提高等级
        stats.level += 1
        sb.prep_level()
        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)

def create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens):
    '''创建外星人群'''
    alien = Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien.rect.width)
    number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship.rect.height,alien.rect.height)
    for row_number in range(number_rows):
        #创建第一行外星人
        for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
            #创建一个外星人并将其加入到当前行
            create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number)

def create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number):
    '''创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行'''
    alien = Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    alien_width = alien.rect.width
    alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
    alien.rect.x = alien.x
    alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
    aliens.add(alien)

def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien_width):
    '''计算每行可以容纳多少个人外星人'''
    available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
    number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
    return number_aliens_x

def get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship_height,alien_height):
    '''计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人'''
    available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height - (3 * alien_height) - ship_height)
    number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
    return number_rows

def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens):
    '''有外星人到达边缘时需要采取的相应措施'''
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.check_edges():
            change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens)
            break

def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens):
    '''将整群外星人群下移，并改变它们的方向'''
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
    ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1

def update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    '''更新外星人群中所有外星人的位置'''
    check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens)
    aliens.update()

    # 检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
    if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship,aliens):
        ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)

    # 检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端
    check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)

def ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    '''响应被外星人撞到的飞船'''
    if stats.ships_left > 0:
        # 将 ships_left 减 1
        stats.ships_left -= 1

        # 更新记分牌
        sb.prep_ships()

        # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        #创建一群新的外星人，并将飞船放到屏幕底端中央
        create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
        ship.center_ship()

        # 暂停
        sleep(0.5)
    else:
        stats.game_active = False
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)

def  check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
    '''检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端'''
    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
            # 像飞船被撞到那样处理
            ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,sb,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
            break
     

def update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets,play_button):
    '''更新屏幕上的图像并切换到新屏幕'''
    #用背景色填充屏幕
    screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
    #在飞船和外星人后面重绘所有子弹
    for bullet in bullets.sprites():
        bullet.draw_bullet()
    ship.blitme()
    aliens.draw(screen)
    #alien.blitme()
    # 显示得分
    sb.show_score()
    
    # 如果游戏处于非活动状态，就绘制 Play 按钮
    if not stats.game_active:
        play_button.draw_button()

    #让最近绘制的屏幕可见
    pygame.display.flip()


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设置类：用于设置游戏的各项参数

class Settings():
    '''
    该类用于存储游戏中的所有设置
    '''

    def __init__(self):
        '''初始化游戏设置'''
        #屏幕设置
        self.screen_width = 1200
        self.screen_height = 800
        self.bg_color = (230,230,230)

        #飞船的设置
        self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.ship_limit = 3

        #子弹的设置
        self.bullet_speed_factor = 1
        self.bullet_width = 3
        self.bullet_height = 15
        self.bullet_color = 60,60,60
        self.bullet_allowed = 20

        #外星人的设置
        self.alien_speed_factor = 1
        self.fleet_drop_speed = 10
        # fleet_direction 为1表示向右移，为-1表示向左移
        self.fleet_direction = 1

        # 游戏速度倍率
        self.speedup_scale = 1.1

        # 外星人点数的提高速度
        self.score_scale = 1.5


        self.initialize_dynamic_settings()

    def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
        '''初始化随游戏进行而变化的设置'''
        self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
        self.alien_speed_factor = 1

        # 1向右，-1向左
        self.fleet_direction = 1

        # 计分
        self.alien_points = 50

    def increase_speed(self):
        '''提高速度设置'''
        self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
        self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
        self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale
        self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)

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子弹类：飞船发射的子弹

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Bullet(Sprite):
    '''一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类'''

    def  __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,ship):
        '''在飞船所处的位置创建一个子弹对象'''
        Sprite.__init__(self)
        #super(Bullet,self).__init__()# 调用super()来继承.__inti__()
        self.screen = screen

        # 在(0,0)创建一个表示子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,ai_settings.bullet_width,ai_settings.bullet_height)
        self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
        self.rect.top = ship.rect.top

        #存储用小数表示的子弹位置
        self.y = float(self.rect.y)

        self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
        self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor

    def update(self):
        '''向上移动子弹'''
        #更新表示子弹位置的小数值
        self.y -= self.speed_factor
        #更新表示子弹的rect的位置
        self.rect.y = self.y

    def draw_bullet(self):
        '''在屏幕上绘制子弹'''
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)
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游戏统计信息的类

class GameStats():
    '''跟踪游戏统计信息'''
    def __init__(self,ai_settings):
        '''初始化统计信息'''
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
        self.rest_stats()

        # 历史最高分
        self.high_score = 0

        # 游戏刚启动时处于活动状态
        self.game_active = False

    def rest_stats(self):
        '''初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息'''
        self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit
        self.score = 0
        self.level = 1
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记分板类：将统计的当前分数、历史最高分数和等级显示在屏幕上

import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group
from ship import Ship

class Scoreboard():
    '''显示得分信息的类'''
    
    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,stats):
        '''初始化显示得分需要设置的属性'''
        self.screen = screen
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
        self.stats = stats

        # 显示得分信息时使用的字体设置
        self.text_color = (30,30,30)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)

        # 准备初始和历史最高得分、等级、飞船图像
        self.prep_score()
        self.prep_high_score()
        self.prep_level()
        self.prep_ships()



    def prep_score(self):
        ''' 将得分转换为一幅渲染的图像'''

        # 圆整，第二个参数为负数指圆整到最近的10、100、1000等整数倍
        rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score,-1))
        score_str = 'current score ' +  "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
        self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str,True,self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        # 将得分放在屏幕右上角
        self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
        self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20
        self.score_rect.top = 20

    def prep_high_score(self):
        ''' 将历史最高得分转换为一幅渲染的图像'''

        # 圆整，第二个参数为负数指圆整到最近的10、100、1000等整数倍
        rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score,-1))
        high_score_str = "High score " + "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
        self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str,True,self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        # 将得分放在屏幕顶部中央
        self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()
        self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.high_score_rect.top = 20

    def prep_level(self):
        ''' 将等级渲染为图像'''
        level_str = str("{}".format(self.stats.level))
        self.level_image = self.font.render(level_str,True,self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)
        # 将得分放在得分下方
        self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
        self.level_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20
        self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10

    def prep_ships(self):
        '''显示还剩余多少飞船'''
        self.ships = Group()
        for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):
            ship = Ship(self.ai_settings,self.screen)
            ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.width
            ship.rect.y = 10
            self.ships.add(ship)

    def show_score(self):
        '''显示得分'''
        self.screen.blit(self.score_image,self.score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image,self.high_score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.level_image,self.level_rect)

        #绘制飞船
        self.ships.draw(self.screen)
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按钮类：设置Play按钮

import pygame.font

class Button():

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,msg):
        '''初始化按钮的属性'''
        self.screen = screen
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()

        # 设置按钮的尺寸和其它属性
        self.width,self.height = 200,50
        self.button_color = (0,255,0)
        self.text_color = (255,0,0)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48) 

        # 创建按钮的rect对象，并使其居中
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,self.width,self.height)
        self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center

        # 按钮的标签只需创建一次
        self.prep_msg(msg)

    def prep_msg(self,msg):
        '''将msg渲染为图像，并使其在按钮上居中'''
        self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg,True,self.text_color,self.button_color)
        self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
        self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center

    def draw_button(self):
        # 绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮，再绘制文本
        self.screen.fill(self.button_color,self.rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.msg_image,self.msg_image_rect)
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