使用定时器任务,可以让内核在将来的一个指定时刻执行一段指定的代码。内核定时器相关的接口在linux/timer.h文件中。
本文将会先介绍定时任务的使用,然后在此基础上了解其内部的实现逻辑。
一、定时任务结构体表示:
- struct timer_list {
- struct list_head entry; //用于链接到内核定时器链表中
- unsigned long expires; //定时任务过期时间
-
- void (*function)(unsigned long); //定时任务的工作函数
- unsigned long data; //定时任务工作函数参数
-
- struct tvec_base *base; //定时任务关联的内核定时器
- #ifdef CONFIG_TIMER_STATS
- void *start_site;
- char start_comm[16];
- int start_pid;
- #endif
- #ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
- struct lockdep_map lockdep_map;
- #endif
- };
二、定时任务相关的接口:
1. 初始化定时任务
- #define TIMER_INITIALIZER(_function, _expires, _data) { \
- .entry = { .prev = TIMER_ENTRY_STATIC }, \
- .function = (_function), \
- .expires = (_expires), \
- .data = (_data), \
- .base = &boot_tvec_bases, \
- __TIMER_LOCKDEP_MAP_INITIALIZER( \
- __FILE__ ":" __stringify(__LINE__)) \
- }
-
- #define DEFINE_TIMER(_name, _function, _expires, _data) \
- struct timer_list _name = \
- TIMER_INITIALIZER(_function, _expires, _data)
-
- #define setup_timer(timer, fn, data) \
- do { \
- static struct lock_class_key __key; \
- setup_timer_key((timer), #timer, &__key, (fn), (data));\
- } while (0)
` 主要是完成定时任务的成员初始化,这里要注意一下.base = &boot_tvec_bases;boot_tvec_bases是内核在初始化的时候创建好的。
其实过期时间expires在初始化的时候设置,一般是没有什么意义的,通常都是在注册定时器任务的时候才设置过期时间。
2. 注册定时任务:
void add_timer(struct timer_list *timer);
当一个定时任务注册到内核的定时器列表后,就会处于激活状态。这里要注意的是:注册的定时任务在只会被执行一次,因为在执行的时候会将其从定时器链表中移除,如果需要实现每隔一段时间就执行,则需要在其定时任务函数中再次注册,才能再次被执行。
3. 注销定时任务:
- int del_timer(struct timer_list * timer);
- int del_timer_sync(struct timer_list *timer);
有可能在注销定时任务的时候,此时的定时任务正在被执行中,那么调用del_timer_sync()就会等待任务被执行完毕后再注销。
4. 修改定时任务的过期时间
当调用add_timer()函数将定时任务注册后,定时任务就处于激活的状态,此时如果需要修改过期时间,则必须通过如下接口来完成:
int mod_timer(struct timer_list *timer, unsigned long expires);
5. 判断定时任务的状态:
- static inline int timer_pending(const struct timer_list * timer)
- {
- return timer->entry.next != NULL;
- }
看完上面的接口介绍之后,再看一个简单的例子:
- #include <linux/module.h>
- #include <linux/timer.h>
- #include <linux/delay.h>
-
- #define ENTER() printk(KERN_DEBUG "%s() Enter", __func__)
- #define EXIT() printk(KERN_DEBUG "%s() Exit", __func__)
- #define ERR(fmt, args...) printk(KERN_ERR "%s()-%d: " fmt "\n", __func__, __LINE__, ##args)
- #define DBG(fmt, args...) printk(KERN_DEBUG "%s()-%d: " fmt "\n", __func__, __LINE__, ##args)
-
-
- struct test_timer {
- struct timer_list t;
- unsigned long nums;
- };
-
- static void my_timer_func(unsigned long data)
- {
- struct test_timer *timer = (struct test_timer *)data;
-
- DBG("nums: %lu", timer->nums--);
- if (timer->nums > 0) {
- mod_timer(&timer->t, timer->t.expires + HZ); //再次注册定时任务
- }
- }
-
- static struct test_timer my_timer;
-
- static int __init timer_demo_init(void)
- {
- setup_timer(&my_timer.t, my_timer_func, (unsigned long)&my_timer);
- my_timer.nums = 30;
-
- msleep_interruptible(2000);
- DBG("before mod_timer");
- mod_timer(&my_timer.t, jiffies + 2 * HZ);
-
- DBG("success");
- return 0;
- }
-
- static void __exit timer_demo_exit(void)
- {
- ENTER();
- while (my_timer.nums > 0) {
- DBG("waiting my_timer exit");
- msleep_interruptible(1000);
- }
-
- EXIT();
- }
-
- MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
- module_init(timer_demo_init);
- module_exit(timer_demo_exit);
三、定时任务的注册:
接下来,分析一下内核是如何管理我们注册的定时任务的,首先从add_timer()开始:
- void add_timer(struct timer_list *timer)
- {
- BUG_ON(timer_pending(timer));
- mod_timer(timer, timer->expires);
- }
这里可以看出,我们调用add_timer()和调用mod_timer()进行注册,是一样的。
- int mod_timer(struct timer_list *timer, unsigned long expires)
- {
- /*
- * This is a common optimization triggered by the
- * networking code - if the timer is re-modified
- * to be the same thing then just return:
- */
- if (timer_pending(timer) && timer->expires == expires)
- return 1;
-
- return __mod_timer(timer, expires, false, TIMER_NOT_PINNED);
- }
先判断下定时任务是否已经处于激活状态,如果已经处于激活状态,则直接返回,避免重复注册,否则调用__mod_timer():
- static inline int __mod_timer(struct timer_list *timer, unsigned long expires,
- bool pending_only, int pinned)
- {
- struct tvec_base *base, *new_base;
- unsigned long flags;
- int ret = 0 , cpu;
-
- timer_stats_timer_set_start_info(timer);
- BUG_ON(!timer->function);
-
- base = lock_timer_base(timer, &flags);
-
- /*如果timer_list已经处于激活状态,则先将其从链表中移除:detach_timer()*/
- if (timer_pending(timer)) {
- detach_timer(timer, 0);
- if (timer->expires == base->next_timer &&
- !tbase_get_deferrable(timer->base))
- base->next_timer = base->timer_jiffies;
- ret = 1;
- } else {
- if (pending_only)
- goto out_unlock;
- }
-
- debug_activate(timer, expires);
-
- new_base = __get_cpu_var(tvec_bases);
-
- cpu = smp_processor_id();
-
- #if defined(CONFIG_NO_HZ) && defined(CONFIG_SMP)
- if (!pinned && get_sysctl_timer_migration() && idle_cpu(cpu)) {
- int preferred_cpu = get_nohz_load_balancer();
-
- if (preferred_cpu >= 0)
- cpu = preferred_cpu;
- }
- #endif
- new_base = per_cpu(tvec_bases, cpu);
- if (base != new_base) {
- /*
- * We are trying to schedule the timer on the local CPU.
- * However we can't change timer's base while it is running,
- * otherwise del_timer_sync() can't detect that the timer's
- * handler yet has not finished. This also guarantees that
- * the timer is serialized wrt itself.
- */
- if (likely(base->running_timer != timer)) {
- /* See the comment in lock_timer_base() */
- timer_set_base(timer, NULL);
- spin_unlock(&base->lock);
- base = new_base;
- spin_lock(&base->lock);
- timer_set_base(timer, base);
- }
- }
-
- timer->expires = expires;
- if (time_before(timer->expires, base->next_timer) &&
- !tbase_get_deferrable(timer->base))
- base->next_timer = timer->expires;
- internal_add_timer(base, timer);
-
- out_unlock:
- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&base->lock, flags);
-
- return ret;
- }
最终调用internal_add_timer()完成注册:
- static void internal_add_timer(struct tvec_base *base, struct timer_list *timer)
- {
- unsigned long expires = timer->expires;
- unsigned long idx = expires - base->timer_jiffies;
- struct list_head *vec;
-
- /* 根据过期时间选择合适的的定时器链表 */
- if (idx < TVR_SIZE) {
- int i = expires & TVR_MASK;
- vec = base->tv1.vec + i;
- } else if (idx < 1 << (TVR_BITS + TVN_BITS)) {
- int i = (expires >> TVR_BITS) & TVN_MASK;
- vec = base->tv2.vec + i;
- } else if (idx < 1 << (TVR_BITS + 2 * TVN_BITS)) {
- int i = (expires >> (TVR_BITS + TVN_BITS)) & TVN_MASK;
- vec = base->tv3.vec + i;
- } else if (idx < 1 << (TVR_BITS + 3 * TVN_BITS)) {
- int i = (expires >> (TVR_BITS + 2 * TVN_BITS)) & TVN_MASK;
- vec = base->tv4.vec + i;
- } else if ((signed long) idx < 0) {
- /*
- * Can happen if you add a timer with expires == jiffies,
- * or you set a timer to go off in the past
- */
- vec = base->tv1.vec + (base->timer_jiffies & TVR_MASK);
- } else {
- int i;
- /* If the timeout is larger than 0xffffffff on 64-bit
- * architectures then we use the maximum timeout:
- */
- if (idx > 0xffffffffUL) {
- idx = 0xffffffffUL;
- expires = idx + base->timer_jiffies;
- }
- i = (expires >> (TVR_BITS + 3 * TVN_BITS)) & TVN_MASK;
- vec = base->tv5.vec + i;
- }
- /*
- * Timers are FIFO:
- */
- list_add_tail(&timer->entry, vec); /*添加到定时器链表尾部*/
- }
这里需要补充说明一下struct tvsec_base结构体,看完之后就大致清楚是怎么管理的了:
- /*
- * per-CPU timer vector definitions:
- */
- #define TVN_BITS (CONFIG_BASE_SMALL ? 4 : 6)
- #define TVR_BITS (CONFIG_BASE_SMALL ? 6 : 8)
- #define TVN_SIZE (1 << TVN_BITS)
- #define TVR_SIZE (1 << TVR_BITS)
- #define TVN_MASK (TVN_SIZE - 1)
- #define TVR_MASK (TVR_SIZE - 1)
-
- struct tvec {
- struct list_head vec[TVN_SIZE];
- };
-
- struct tvec_root {
- struct list_head vec[TVR_SIZE];
- };
-
- struct tvec_base {
- spinlock_t lock;
- struct timer_list *running_timer; //保存正在运行的定时任务
- unsigned long timer_jiffies;
- unsigned long next_timer;
- struct tvec_root tv1;
- struct tvec tv2;
- struct tvec tv3;
- struct tvec tv4;
- struct tvec tv5;
- } ____cacheline_aligned;
每一个CPU都会包含一个struct tvsec_base类型的对象,用于存储注册到每个CPU上的定时任务。看完这个结构体,可以发现包含有5个链表数组,分别用于存储不同过期时间的定时任务,分布如下:
过期时间在0 ~ (1<<8) --> tv1, 具体在tv1.vec数组的哪个链表,则是通过掩码来确定,即: 过期时间 & ((1 << 8) - 1)
过期时间在(1 << 8) ~ (1 << (8+6)) --> tv2, 具体在tv2.vec数组的哪个链表,则是通过掩码来确定,即: (过期时间 -(1 << 8)) & ((1<<6) - 1)
过期时间在(1 << (8+6)) ~ (1 << (8+2*6)) --> tv3,具体在tv3.vec数组的哪个链表,也是通过掩码确定,即: (过期时间 - (1 << (8+1*6))) & ((1<<6) - 1)
过期时间在(1 << (8 + 6*2)) ~ (1 << (8 + 3*6)) --> tv4, 具体在tv4.vec数组的哪个链表,也是通过掩码确定,即: (过期时间 - (1 << (8+2*6)) & ((1 << 6)- 1)
如果过期时间超过(1 << (8 + 3 * 6)) --> tv5, 具体在tv5.vec数组的哪个链表,也是通过掩码确定,即: (过期时间 - ((1 << (8+3*6)) & ((1 << 6) - 1)
之所以要分成5个数组,就是为了提高效率,因为当有中断发生,就会触发内核去检查是否存在过期的定时任务需要执行,如果把所有的链表都去遍历,那么显然效率会很低下,所以内核每次只会去检查tv1.sec数组上的链表是否存在需要执行的定期任务。具体是怎么执行的,下面会有分析。这里暂时可以理解为注册一个定时任务,就是将此定时任务保存到本地CPU上的定时器的某个链表中。
四、定时任务的执行:
定时器的执行,是在软中断中执行的,是在一个原子上下文环境中,即不允许定时任务发生睡眠等待。
在内核初始化的时候,会调用init_timers()注册软中断:
- void __init init_timers(void)
- {
- int err = timer_cpu_notify(&timers_nb, (unsigned long)CPU_UP_PREPARE,
- (void *)(long)smp_processor_id());
-
- init_timer_stats();
-
- BUG_ON(err == NOTIFY_BAD);
- register_cpu_notifier(&timers_nb);
- open_softirq(TIMER_SOFTIRQ, run_timer_softirq);
- }
调用open_softirq()函数注册定时器的软中断,处理函数为run_timer_softirq。软中断是由软件模拟的中断,大部分情况下软中断会在irq_exit阶段被执行,在irq_exit阶段没被处理完的软中断,会在守护进程ksoftirqd中执行。这里暂时不深究软中断的实现原理,暂时认为中断发生之后,会触发定时器软中断的处理函数run_timer_softirq的执行。
- /*
- * This function runs timers and the timer-tq in bottom half context.
- */
- static void run_timer_softirq(struct softirq_action *h)
- {
- struct tvec_base *base = __get_cpu_var(tvec_bases);
-
- perf_event_do_pending();
-
- hrtimer_run_pending();
-
- // 判断是否有超时,jiffies >= base->timer_jiffies则表示有超时,有定时任务需要执行。
- if (time_after_eq(jiffies, base->timer_jiffies))
- __run_timers(base);
- }
-
- /**
- * __run_timers - run all expired timers (if any) on this CPU.
- * @base: the timer vector to be processed.
- *
- * This function cascades all vectors and executes all expired timer
- * vectors.
- */
- static inline void __run_timers(struct tvec_base *base)
- {
- struct timer_list *timer;
-
- spin_lock_irq(&base->lock);
- while (time_after_eq(jiffies, base->timer_jiffies)) {
- struct list_head work_list;
- struct list_head *head = &work_list;
- int index = base->timer_jiffies & TVR_MASK;
-
- /*
- * Cascade timers:
- */
- // 寻找已经超时的定时任务链表,并将超时的链表上的定时任务移动到上一级的链表
- if (!index &&
- (!cascade(base, &base->tv2, INDEX(0))) &&
- (!cascade(base, &base->tv3, INDEX(1))) &&
- !cascade(base, &base->tv4, INDEX(2)))
- cascade(base, &base->tv5, INDEX(3));
- ++base->timer_jiffies;
-
- list_replace_init(base->tv1.vec + index, &work_list);
- while (!list_empty(head)) {
- void (*fn)(unsigned long);
- unsigned long data;
-
- timer = list_first_entry(head, struct timer_list,entry);
- fn = timer->function; // 定时任务函数
- data = timer->data;
-
- timer_stats_account_timer(timer);
-
- set_running_timer(base, timer);
- detach_timer(timer, 1);
-
- spin_unlock_irq(&base->lock);
- {
- int preempt_count = preempt_count();
-
- #ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
- /*
- * It is permissible to free the timer from
- * inside the function that is called from
- * it, this we need to take into account for
- * lockdep too. To avoid bogus "held lock
- * freed" warnings as well as problems when
- * looking into timer->lockdep_map, make a
- * copy and use that here.
- */
- struct lockdep_map lockdep_map = timer->lockdep_map;
- #endif
- /*
- * Couple the lock chain with the lock chain at
- * del_timer_sync() by acquiring the lock_map
- * around the fn() call here and in
- * del_timer_sync().
- */
- lock_map_acquire(&lockdep_map);
-
- trace_timer_expire_entry(timer);
- fn(data); // 执行定时任务函数
- trace_timer_expire_exit(timer);
-
- lock_map_release(&lockdep_map);
-
- if (preempt_count != preempt_count()) {
- printk(KERN_ERR "huh, entered %p "
- "with preempt_count %08x, exited"
- " with %08x?\n",
- fn, preempt_count,
- preempt_count());
- BUG();
- }
- }
- spin_lock_irq(&base->lock);
- }
- }
- set_running_timer(base, NULL);
- spin_unlock_irq(&base->lock);
- }
这段代码的逻辑比较复杂,我也还不能完全理解,不过从上面来看,就是把已经超时的链表取出到work_list,然后依次执行work_list上的定时任务。
在代码的前面部分,有一段是重新调整定时任务链表的操作:
- int index = base->timer_jiffies & TVR_MASK;
-
- /*
- * Cascade timers:
- */
- if (!index &&
- (!cascade(base, &base->tv2, INDEX(0))) &&
- (!cascade(base, &base->tv3, INDEX(1))) &&
- !cascade(base, &base->tv4, INDEX(2)))
- cascade(base, &base->tv5, INDEX(3));
-
- ++base->timer_jiffies;
这里要先看一下INDEX宏和cascade()函数:
- static int cascade(struct tvec_base *base, struct tvec *tv, int index)
- {
- /* cascade all the timers from tv up one level */
- struct timer_list *timer, *tmp;
- struct list_head tv_list;
-
- list_replace_init(tv->vec + index, &tv_list);
-
- /*
- * We are removing _all_ timers from the list, so we
- * don't have to detach them individually.
- */
- list_for_each_entry_safe(timer, tmp, &tv_list, entry) {
- BUG_ON(tbase_get_base(timer->base) != base);
- internal_add_timer(base, timer);
- }
-
- return index;
- }
-
- #define INDEX(N) ((base->timer_jiffies >> (TVR_BITS + (N) * TVN_BITS)) & TVN_MASK)
可以看出INDEX宏是根据定时器的过期时间来得到其所在数组的索引,而cascade()函数就是将此索引对应的链表取出,然后将此链表上的每一个定时任务从新加入到定时器中。