本文主要内容:
- 1.Mac OS 10.11.6 [OS X EL Captain]
- 2.Mac OS 安装Java 设置环境变量
- 3.Mac OS 安装Maven设置环境变量
- 4.Mac OS 安装Tomcat设置环境变量
- 5.Mac OS 安装HomeBrew服务器
- 6.Mac OS 安装Git 服务器
1.Mac OS 10.11.6 [OS X EL Captain]
Mac OS是一套运行于苹果Macintosh系列电脑上的操作系统。Mac OS是首个在商用领域成功的图形用户界面操作系统。Mac系统是基于Unix内核的图形化操作系统;一般情况下在普通PC上无法安装的操作系统。由苹果公司自行开发。新系统非常可靠;它的许多特点和服务都体现了苹果公司的理念。现行的最新的系统版本是macOS Sierra 10.12,且网上也有在PC上运行的Mac系统,简称 Mac PC。—— [ 百度百科 ]
2011年7月20日Mac OS X已经正式被苹果改名为OS X。最新版本为10.10,2014年10月21日凌晨1点发布。
2016年6月13日,在苹果开发者大会WWDC发布了产品Mac OS的新功能。
由于我的电脑上预装的OS X El Capitan 10.11.6,OS X El Capitan系统是苹果2015年9月29日宣布的作为免费更新面向Mac用户提供的操作系统。
因此,我的实践均和OS X El Capitan 10.11.6 版本有关,其他版本出现问题或安装失败,请自行参照其他博主的教程。
2.Mac OS 安装Java 设置环境变量
1.获取Java 安装包: [ Java 安装包获取地址]。
在下载Java 安装包的时候一定要下载 Java JDK ,别下载 Java JRE,因为Java JDK 里面包含有Java JRE ,而Java JRE 并不不包含 Java JDK 。 我下载的是 Java JDK 1.8,Mac OS 版本 。
2.安装Java JDK
一直默认安装就好,直到完成。
3.接下来是本教程的核心内容,就是设置环境变量
3.1 打开终端,输入echo
192:~ houjing$ java -version java version "10.0.1" 2018-04-17 Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment 18.3 (build 10.0.1+10) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM 18.3 (build 10.0.1+10, mixed mode)
如果不是的话,说明没有安装成功,需要检查原因,重新安装后再执行此操作。
3.3 使用工具命令“/usr/libexec/java_home”来定位JAVA_HOME:
192:~ houjing$ /usr/libexec/java_home -V Matching Java Virtual Machines (1): 10.0.1, x86_64: "Java SE 10.0.1"
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home
如果出现 /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home,这就是Java 的安装路径,就是Windows 系统所说的Path。
3.4 配置JAVA_HOME:输入vim .bash_profile ,进入vim编辑器view视图
3.5 键盘输入i,进入插入模式,在文件尾部添加java安装路径:
JAVA_HOME=/Library/java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar export JAVA_HOME export PATH export CLASSPATH
3.6 添加完毕之后,按esc退出插入模式,并键入wq!保存退出文件
3.7 如果保存时出现:vi E212:Can’t open file for writing 说明你没有修改权限,如果没有说明已经构建成功,不用执行8-10操作
3.8 退出vim编辑器,在终端输入 sudo su命令,输入开机密码
3.9 输入vim .bash_profile 命令,进入vim编辑器view视图
3.10 键盘输入i,进入插入模式,在文件尾部添加java安装路径:
JAVA_HOME="/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home" CLASS_PATH="$JAVA_HOME/lib" PATH=".;$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin" export JAVA_HOME
3.11 输入echo $JAVA_HOME查看路径是否正确,如果正确则继续下面的操作,如果不正确则需要修改。
3.12 输入source .bash_profile 使得修改的文件生效。
3.13 输入java 命令,到此设置完毕。
192:~ houjing$ java 用法: java [options] <主类> [args...] (执行类) 或 java [options] -jar <jar 文件> [args...] (执行 jar 文件) 或 java [options] -m <模块>[/<主类>] [args...] java [options] --module <模块>[/<主类>] [args...] (执行模块中的主类) 将主类, -jar <jar 文件>, -m 或 --module <模块>/<主类> 后的参数作为参数传递到主类。 其中, 选项包括: -cp <目录和 zip/jar 文件的类搜索路径> -classpath <目录和 zip/jar 文件的类搜索路径> --class-path <目录和 zip/jar 文件的类搜索路径> 使用 : 分隔的, 用于搜索类文件的目录, JAR 档案 和 ZIP 档案列表。 -p <模块路径> --module-path <模块路径>... 用 : 分隔的目录列表, 每个目录 都是一个包含模块的目录。 --upgrade-module-path <模块路径>... 用 : 分隔的目录列表, 每个目录 都是一个包含模块的目录, 这些模块 用于替换运行时映像中的可升级模块 --add-modules <模块名称>[,<模块名称>...] 除了初始模块之外要解析的根模块。 <模块名称> 还可以为 ALL-DEFAULT, ALL-SYSTEM, ALL-MODULE-PATH. --list-modules 列出可观察模块并退出 -d <module name> --describe-module <模块名称> 描述模块并退出 --dry-run 创建 VM 并加载主类, 但不执行 main 方法。 此 --dry-run 选项对于验证诸如 模块系统配置这样的命令行选项可能非常有用。 --validate-modules 验证所有模块并退出 --validate-modules 选项对于查找 模块路径中模块的冲突及其他错误可能非常有用。 -D<名称>=<值> 设置系统属性 -verbose:[class|module|gc|jni] 启用详细输出 -version 将产品版本输出到错误流并退出 --version 将产品版本输出到输出流并退出 -showversion 将产品版本输出到错误流并继续 --show-version 将产品版本输出到输出流并继续 --show-module-resolution 在启动过程中显示模块解析输出 -? -h -help 将此帮助消息输出到错误流 --help 将此帮助消息输出到输出流 -X 将额外选项的帮助输出到错误流 --help-extra 将额外选项的帮助输出到输出流 -ea[:<程序包名称>...|:<类名>] -enableassertions[:<程序包名称>...|:<类名>] 按指定的粒度启用断言 -da[:<程序包名称>...|:<类名>] -disableassertions[:<程序包名称>...|:<类名>] 按指定的粒度禁用断言 -esa | -enablesystemassertions 启用系统断言 -dsa | -disablesystemassertions 禁用系统断言 -agentlib:<库名>[=<选项>] 加载本机代理库 <库名>, 例如 -agentlib:jdwp 另请参阅 -agentlib:jdwp=help -agentpath:<路径名>[=<选项>] 按完整路径名加载本机代理库 -javaagent:<jar 路径>[=<选项>] 加载 Java 编程语言代理, 请参阅 java.lang.instrument -splash:<图像路径> 使用指定的图像显示启动屏幕 自动支持和使用 HiDPI 缩放图像 (如果可用)。应始终将未缩放的图像文件名 (例如, image.ext) 作为参数传递给 -splash 选项。 将自动选取提供的最合适的缩放 图像。 有关详细信息, 请参阅 SplashScreen API 文档 @argument 文件 一个或多个包含选项的参数文件 -disable-@files 阻止进一步扩展参数文件 要为长选项指定参数, 可以使用 --<名称>=<值> 或 --<名称> <值>。
有关详细信息, 请参阅 http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/index.html。
还可以:打开终端,输入touch .bash_profile,输入open .bash_profile打开记事本进行编辑。
更新配置的环境变量source .bash_profile,使得环境变量生效,可以输入 Java 进行验证。
3.Mac OS 安装Maven设置环境变量
1.获取Maven 安装包: [ Maven 安装包获取地址]。
注意,下载Maven 的时候一定是下载:apache-maven-3.3.9-src.tar.gz,复制到你需要放置的位置,解压(可以用tar命令或者就在)。我的文件名:
2.打开终端,输入touch .bash_profile,再次输入open .bash_profile打开记事本:
export MAVEN_HOME=/Volumes/work/apache-maven-3.5.3 export PATH=$MAVEN_HOME/bin:$PATH
3.在终端输入source ~/.bash_profile,再输入:mvn -v。
192:~ houjing$ mvn -v Apache Maven 3.5.3 (3383c37e1f9e9b3bc3df5050c29c8aff9f295297; 2018-02-25T03:49:05+08:00) Maven home: /Volumes/work/apache-maven-3.5.3 Java version: 10.0.1, vendor: Oracle Corporation Java home: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home Default locale: zh_CN_#Hans, platform encoding: UTF-8 OS name: "mac os x", version: "10.13.4", arch: "x86_64", family: "mac"
4.Mac OS 安装Tomcat设置环境变量
1.获取Tomcat安装包: [Tomcat安装包获取地址]。
注意,下载Maven 的时候一定是下载:Tomcat.tar.gz,然后在桌面新建一个文件夹,名称自定义,但是一定要为英文,不可为中文。我的文件名:ApplicationsTools,就是之前放Maven的文件夹,放在一起方便查找和管理。
2.配置环境变量
打开终端,输入touch .bash_profile,再次输入open .bash_profile打开记事本:
export CATALINA_HOME=/Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8 export PATH=$CATALINA_HOME/bin:$PATH
192:~ houjing$ $CATALINA_HOME -bash: /Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8: is a directory
192:~ houjing$ $PATH -bash: /Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8/bin:/Volumes/work/apache-maven-3.5.3/bin:/Library/java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home/bin:
/Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8/bin:/Volumes/work/apache-maven-3.5.3/bin:/Library/java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home/bin:
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin: No such file or directory
192:~ houjing$ cd $CATALINA_HOME/bin 192:bin houjing$ pwd /Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8/bin 192:bin houjing$ sh startup.sh Using CATALINA_BASE: /Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8 Using CATALINA_HOME: /Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8 Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8/temp Using JRE_HOME: /Library/java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-10.0.1.jdk/Contents/Home Using CLASSPATH: /Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8/bin/bootstrap.jar:/Volumes/work/apache-tomcat-9.0.8/bin/tomcat-juli.jar Tomcat started.
5.关闭需要使用shutdown.sh即可。
5.Mac OS 安装HomeBrew 管理器
1.获取HomeBrew安装包: [HomeBrew 管理器官网 ]。
macOS 不可或缺的套件管理器。
2.安装HomeBrew
2.1 打开终端,输入:ruby -e “$(curl –insecure -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)” 后回车:
192:~ houjing$ /usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)" ==> This script will install: /usr/local/bin/brew /usr/local/share/doc/homebrew /usr/local/share/man/man1/brew.1 /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions/_brew /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/brew /usr/local/Homebrew ==> The following new directories will be created: /usr/local/Cellar /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/Frameworks /usr/local/bin /usr/local/etc /usr/local/include /usr/local/lib /usr/local/opt /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share /usr/local/share/zsh /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions /usr/local/var ==> The Xcode Command Line Tools will be installed.
2.2 继续回车:
Press RETURN to continue or any other key to abort ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/mkdir -p /usr/local/Cellar /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/Frameworks /usr/local/bin /usr/local/etc /usr/local/include
/usr/local/lib /usr/local/opt /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share /usr/local/share/zsh /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions /usr/local/var Password:
2.3 输入开机密码,继续回车,你是看不见的密码的(此处还会自动帮你下载Xcode):
Password: ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod g+rwx /usr/local/Cellar /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/Frameworks /usr/local/bin /usr/local/etc /usr/local/include
/usr/local/lib /usr/local/opt /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share /usr/local/share/zsh /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions /usr/local/var ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod 755 /usr/local/share/zsh /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions ==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/chown houjing /usr/local/Cellar /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/Frameworks /usr/local/bin /usr/local/etc
/usr/local/include /usr/local/lib /usr/local/opt /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share /usr/local/share/zsh /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions
/usr/local/var ==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/chgrp admin /usr/local/Cellar /usr/local/Homebrew /usr/local/Frameworks /usr/local/bin /usr/local/etc /usr/local/include
/usr/local/lib /usr/local/opt /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share /usr/local/share/zsh /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions /usr/local/var ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/mkdir -p /Users/houjing/Library/Caches/Homebrew ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod g+rwx /Users/houjing/Library/Caches/Homebrew ==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/chown houjing /Users/houjing/Library/Caches/Homebrew ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/mkdir -p /Library/Caches/Homebrew ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/chmod g+rwx /Library/Caches/Homebrew ==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/chown houjing /Library/Caches/Homebrew ==> Searching online for the Command Line Tools ==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/touch /tmp/.com.apple.dt.CommandLineTools.installondemand.in-progress ==> Installing Command Line Tools (macOS High Sierra version 10.13) for Xcode-9.3 ==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/softwareupdate -i Command\ Line\ Tools\ (macOS\ High\ Sierra\ version\ 10.13)\ for\ Xcode-9.3 Software Update Tool Downloading Command Line Tools (macOS High Sierra version 10.13) for Xcode Downloaded Command Line Tools (macOS High Sierra version 10.13) for Xcode Installing Command Line Tools (macOS High Sierra version 10.13) for Xcode Done with Command Line Tools (macOS High Sierra version 10.13) for Xcode Done. ==> /usr/bin/sudo /bin/rm -f /tmp/.com.apple.dt.CommandLineTools.installondemand.in-progress ==> /usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/xcode-select --switch /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools ==> Downloading and installing Homebrew... remote: Counting objects: 101182, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (34/34), done. remote: Total 101182 (delta 23), reused 27 (delta 13), pack-reused 101135 Receiving objects: 100% (101182/101182), 23.11 MiB | 46.00 KiB/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (73636/73636), done. From https://github.com/Homebrew/brew * [new branch] master -> origin/master * [new tag] 0.1 -> 0.1 * [new tag] 0.2 -> 0.2 * [new tag] 0.3 -> 0.3 * [new tag] 0.4 -> 0.4 * [new tag] 0.5 -> 0.5 * [new tag] 0.6 -> 0.6 * [new tag] 0.7 -> 0.7 * [new tag] 0.7.1 -> 0.7.1 * [new tag] 0.8 -> 0.8 * [new tag] 0.8.1 -> 0.8.1 * [new tag] 0.9 -> 0.9 * [new tag] 0.9.1 -> 0.9.1 * [new tag] 0.9.2 -> 0.9.2 * [new tag] 0.9.3 -> 0.9.3 * [new tag] 0.9.4 -> 0.9.4 * [new tag] 0.9.5 -> 0.9.5 * [new tag] 0.9.8 -> 0.9.8 * [new tag] 0.9.9 -> 0.9.9 * [new tag] 1.0.0 -> 1.0.0 * [new tag] 1.0.1 -> 1.0.1 * [new tag] 1.0.2 -> 1.0.2 * [new tag] 1.0.3 -> 1.0.3 * [new tag] 1.0.4 -> 1.0.4 * [new tag] 1.0.5 -> 1.0.5 * [new tag] 1.0.6 -> 1.0.6 * [new tag] 1.0.7 -> 1.0.7 * [new tag] 1.0.8 -> 1.0.8 * [new tag] 1.0.9 -> 1.0.9 * [new tag] 1.1.0 -> 1.1.0 * [new tag] 1.1.1 -> 1.1.1 * [new tag] 1.1.10 -> 1.1.10 * [new tag] 1.1.11 -> 1.1.11 * [new tag] 1.1.12 -> 1.1.12 * [new tag] 1.1.13 -> 1.1.13 * [new tag] 1.1.2 -> 1.1.2 * [new tag] 1.1.3 -> 1.1.3 * [new tag] 1.1.4 -> 1.1.4 * [new tag] 1.1.5 -> 1.1.5 * [new tag] 1.1.6 -> 1.1.6 * [new tag] 1.1.7 -> 1.1.7 * [new tag] 1.1.8 -> 1.1.8 * [new tag] 1.1.9 -> 1.1.9 * [new tag] 1.2.0 -> 1.2.0 * [new tag] 1.2.1 -> 1.2.1 * [new tag] 1.2.2 -> 1.2.2 * [new tag] 1.2.3 -> 1.2.3 * [new tag] 1.2.4 -> 1.2.4 * [new tag] 1.2.5 -> 1.2.5 * [new tag] 1.2.6 -> 1.2.6 * [new tag] 1.3.0 -> 1.3.0 * [new tag] 1.3.1 -> 1.3.1 * [new tag] 1.3.2 -> 1.3.2 * [new tag] 1.3.3 -> 1.3.3 * [new tag] 1.3.4 -> 1.3.4 * [new tag] 1.3.5 -> 1.3.5 * [new tag] 1.3.6 -> 1.3.6 * [new tag] 1.3.7 -> 1.3.7 * [new tag] 1.3.8 -> 1.3.8 * [new tag] 1.3.9 -> 1.3.9 * [new tag] 1.4.0 -> 1.4.0 * [new tag] 1.4.1 -> 1.4.1 * [new tag] 1.4.2 -> 1.4.2 * [new tag] 1.4.3 -> 1.4.3 * [new tag] 1.5.0 -> 1.5.0 * [new tag] 1.5.1 -> 1.5.1 * [new tag] 1.5.10 -> 1.5.10 * [new tag] 1.5.11 -> 1.5.11 * [new tag] 1.5.12 -> 1.5.12 * [new tag] 1.5.13 -> 1.5.13 * [new tag] 1.5.14 -> 1.5.14 * [new tag] 1.5.2 -> 1.5.2 * [new tag] 1.5.3 -> 1.5.3 * [new tag] 1.5.4 -> 1.5.4 * [new tag] 1.5.5 -> 1.5.5 * [new tag] 1.5.6 -> 1.5.6 * [new tag] 1.5.7 -> 1.5.7 * [new tag] 1.5.8 -> 1.5.8 * [new tag] 1.5.9 -> 1.5.9 * [new tag] 1.6.0 -> 1.6.0 * [new tag] 1.6.1 -> 1.6.1 * [new tag] 1.6.2 -> 1.6.2 * [new tag] 1.6.3 -> 1.6.3 * [new tag] 1.6.4 -> 1.6.4 HEAD is now at 18d450122 Merge pull request #4200 from GauthamGoli/newformula-audit-condition-fix
2.4 继续回车 :
==> Tapping homebrew/core Cloning into '/usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-core'... remote: Counting objects: 4760, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (4555/4555), done. remote: Total 4760 (delta 54), reused 591 (delta 17), pack-reused 0 Receiving objects: 100% (4760/4760), 3.85 MiB | 363.00 KiB/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (54/54), done. Tapped 4548 formulae (4,801 files, 12MB) ==> Cleaning up /Library/Caches/Homebrew... ==> Migrating /Library/Caches/Homebrew to /Users/houjing/Library/Caches/Homebrew... ==> Deleting /Library/Caches/Homebrew... Already up-to-date. ==> Installation successful! ==> Homebrew has enabled anonymous aggregate user behaviour analytics. Read the analytics documentation (and how to opt-out) here: https://docs.brew.sh/Analytics.html ==> Next steps: - Run `brew help` to get started - Further documentation: https://docs.brew.sh
到这,HomeBrew 管理器就安装完成了!
6.Mac OS 安装Git
打开终端,输入 brew install git;
192:bin houjing$ brew install git ==> Downloading https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/git-2.17.0.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ######################################################################## 100.0% ==> Pouring git-2.17.0.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ==> Caveats Bash completion has been installed to: /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d zsh completions and functions have been installed to: /usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions Emacs Lisp files have been installed to: /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp/git ==> Summary ? /usr/local/Cellar/git/2.17.0: 1,497 files, 35.6MB
输入brew install gcc:
192:bin houjing$ brew install gcc ==> Installing dependencies for gcc: gmp, isl, mpfr, libmpc ==> Installing gcc dependency: gmp ==> Downloading https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/gmp-6.1.2_2.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ######################################################################## 100.0% ==> Pouring gmp-6.1.2_2.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ? /usr/local/Cellar/gmp/6.1.2_2: 18 files, 3.1MB ==> Installing gcc dependency: isl ==> Downloading https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/isl-0.19.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ######################################################################## 100.0% ==> Pouring isl-0.19.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ? /usr/local/Cellar/isl/0.19: 66 files, 3.8MB ==> Installing gcc dependency: mpfr ==> Downloading https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/mpfr-4.0.1.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ######################################################################## 100.0% ==> Pouring mpfr-4.0.1.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ? /usr/local/Cellar/mpfr/4.0.1: 28 files, 4.6MB ==> Installing gcc dependency: libmpc ==> Downloading https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/libmpc-1.1.0.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ######################################################################## 100.0% ==> Pouring libmpc-1.1.0.high_sierra.bottle.tar.gz ? /usr/local/Cellar/libmpc/1.1.0: 12 files, 353.8KB ==> Installing gcc ==> Downloading https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/gcc-8.1.0.high_sierra.bottle.1.tar.gz ######################################################################## 100.0% ==> Pouring gcc-8.1.0.high_sierra.bottle.1.tar.gz ? /usr/local/Cellar/gcc/8.1.0: 1,495 files, 336.1MB
都完成后,输入 git -version 和 which git 验证是否成功,失败重新来过!
192:bin houjing$ git --version git version 2.17.0 192:bin houjing$ which git /usr/local/bin/git 192:bin houjing$ git --help usage: git [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] [-p | --paginate | --no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] <command> [<args>] These are common Git commands used in various situations: start a working area (see also: git help tutorial) clone Clone a repository into a new directory init Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one work on the current change (see also: git help everyday) add Add file contents to the index mv Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink reset Reset current HEAD to the specified state rm Remove files from the working tree and from the index examine the history and state (see also: git help revisions) bisect Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug grep Print lines matching a pattern log Show commit logs show Show various types of objects status Show the working tree status grow, mark and tweak your common history branch List, create, or delete branches checkout Switch branches or restore working tree files commit Record changes to the repository diff Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc merge Join two or more development histories together rebase Reapply commits on top of another base tip tag Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG collaborate (see also: git help workflows) fetch Download objects and refs from another repository pull Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch push Update remote refs along with associated objects 'git help -a' and 'git help -g' list available subcommands and some concept guides. See 'git help <command>' or 'git help <concept>' to read about a specific subcommand or concept.