K8s结合docker部署_docker和k8s环境搭建及使用

原生安装步骤

1. 安装必要的环境依赖与工具

sudo apt-get install \
    apt-transport-https \
    ca-certificates \
    curl \
    gnupg \
    lsb-release
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2. 下载证书更新

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg
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3. 修改相关变量

echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
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4. 安装容器需要环境

sudo apt-get install openssh-server
sudo apt install net-tools
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
sudo systemctl enable ssh
sudo systemctl enable docker
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5. 关闭swap分区
   修改/etc/fstab文件

sudo vi /etc/fstab
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打开文件后的内容如下：

UUID=e2048966-750b-4795-a9a2-7b477d6681bf /   ext4    errors=remount-ro 0    1
# /dev/fd0        /media/floppy0  auto    rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0       0
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第二条用 “# ”注释掉，注意第一条别注释，不然重启之后系统有可能会报“file system read-only”错误。

6. 检查swap分区关闭情况
   使用reboot命令重启，重启后使top命令查看任务管理器，如果看到如下参数均为0则成功关闭swap分区。
   
7. 配置免密登陆
   在master节点上生成密钥对，将共钥信息复制到各worker节点上
   在master节点上执行如下命令：

sudo ssh-keygen
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在默认的密钥保存路径/root/.ssh/目录下查看公钥id_rsa.pub的内容信息，复制信息粘贴在各个节点的/root/.ssh/authorized_keys文件中。

8. 修改hostname
   设置每个节点的名称，但所有节点名称都不可重复

hostnamectl set-hostname master
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9. 在host文件中添加节点名称与IP地址的映射关系
   打开/etc/hosts文件，添加节点名称与IP地址的映射关系

ip k8s-master-node1
ip k8s-worker-node1
ip k8s-worker-node2
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10. 安装docker
    在所有节点上面安装docker环境
    注意：kubernetes在1.24的版本上已经放弃使用docker作为容器软件，改用container软件，因此安装docker环境时需要注意在kubernetes的版本上要指定到1.24不包含1.24以下的版本才可以正常运行。

sudo apt install docker.io
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11. 配置docker相关参数
    docker安装完成之后需要修改配置，包括切换docker下载源为国内镜像站与修改cgroups。
    打开docker配置文件

sudo vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
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将配置内容添加到/etc/docker/daemon.json文件中

{"registry-mirrors": ["https://dockerhub.azk8s.cn","https://reg-mirror.qiniu.com","https://quay-mirror.qiniu.com"],"exec-opts": [ "native.cgroupdriver=systemd" ]
}
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重新加载docker 配置

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
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使用docker info | grep Cgroup来查看修改后的docker cgroup状态，发现变为systemd即为修改成功。

12. kubernetes安装

kubernetes安装需要三个主要组件kubelet、kubeadm以及kubectl。这三个主要组件需要在各个节点上都安装。
三个组件的主要功能如下：

• kubelet: k8s 的核心服务
• kubeadm: 这个是用于快速安装 kubernetes 的一个集成工具，在各个节点上的Kubernetes安装都需要通过该组件完成。
• kubectl: k8s 的命令行工具，部署完成之后后续的操作都要用它来执行
  三个组件的具体安装命令如下

apt-get update && apt-get install -y apt-transport-https
curl https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | apt-key add - 
cat <<EOF >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/apt/ kubernetes-xenial main
EOF
apt-get update
apt-get install -y kubelet=1.23.9-00 kubeadm=1.23.9-00 kubectl=1.23.9-00
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安装 master 节点

初始化master节点大致可以分为如下几步：

• 初始化master节点
• 部署flannel网络
• 配置kubectl工具
  初始化 master 节点
  使用kubeadm的init命令可以完成初始化，通过携带的参数进行相关的设置，下列命令中将赋值给–apiserver-advertise-address参数的 ip 地址修改为自己的master主机地址，然后再执行。

docker pull coredns/coredns:1.8.4
docker tag coredns/coredns:1.8.4 registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:v1.8.4

kubeadm init \
--apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.61.170 \
--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
--kubernetes-version 1.23
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一些常用参数的含义：

• –apiserver-advertise-address: k8s 中的主要服务apiserver的部署地址，填自己的管理节点 ip
• –image-repository: 拉取的 docker 镜像源，因为初始化的时候kubeadm会去拉 k8s 的很多组件来进行部署，所以需要指定国内镜像源，下不然会拉取不到镜像。
• –pod-network-cidr: 这个是 k8s 采用的节点网络，因为要使用flannel作为 k8s 的网络，所以这里填10.244.0.0/16就好
• –kubernetes-version: 这个是用来指定你要部署的 k8s 版本的，一般不用填，不过如果初始化过程中出现了因为版本不对导致的安装错误的话，可以用这个参数手动指定。
• –ignore-preflight-errors: 忽略初始化时遇到的错误，比如说我想忽略 cpu 数量不够 2 核引起的错误，就可以用–ignore-preflight-errors=CpuNum。错误名称在初始化错误时会给出来。
  如果执行结果如下所示，则初始化成功，把最后那行以kubeadm join开头的命令复制下来，之后安装woker节点时要用到的，如果丢失了该信息，可以在master节点上使用kubeadm token create --print-join-command命令重新生成。

Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
 
  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
 
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:
 
kubeadm join 192.168.56.11:6443 --token wbryr0.am1n476fgjsno6wa --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7640582747efefe7c2d537655e428faa6275dbaff631de37822eb8fd4c054807
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如果在初始化过程中出现了任何Error导致初始化终止了，使用kubeadm reset重置之后再重新进行初始化。
完整输出：

root@ubuntu:/home/mico# kubeadm init --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.196.141 --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.22.1
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local ubuntu] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.196.141]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost ubuntu] and IPs [192.168.196.141 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost ubuntu] and IPs [192.168.196.141 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 20.516007 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.22" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node ubuntu as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/master(deprecated) node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node ubuntu as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: i9rpmm.8jqs342cmyj1hfwg
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 192.168.196.141:6443 --token i9rpmm.8jqs342cmyj1hfwg \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:95f83d494d4d484945f8017a70bf2f7c6b238c8ca844d431facc4b19dc4105f2 
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配置 kubectl 工具
执行如下命令：

mkdir -p /root/.kube && \
cp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf /root/.kube/config
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执行完成后通过下面两条命令测试 kubectl是否可用：

# 查看已加入的节点
kubectl get nodes
# 查看集群状态
kubectl get cs
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部署 flannel 网络
flannel是一个专门为 k8s 设置的网络规划服务，可以让集群中的不同节点主机创建的 docker 容器都具有全集群唯一的虚拟IP地址。执行下述命令进行设置：

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
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报错：

root@ubuntu:/home/mico# kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
serviceaccount/flannel unchanged
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg unchanged
unable to recognize "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml": no matches for kind "ClusterRole" in version "rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1"
unable to recognize "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml": no matches for kind "ClusterRoleBinding" in version "rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1"
unable to recognize "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml": no matches for kind "DaemonSet" in version "extensions/v1beta1"
unable to recognize "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml": no matches for kind "DaemonSet" in version "extensions/v1beta1"
unable to recognize "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml": no matches for kind "DaemonSet" in version "extensions/v1beta1"
unable to recognize "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml": no matches for kind "DaemonSet" in version "extensions/v1beta1"
unable to recognize "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/a70459be0084506e4ec919aa1c114638878db11b/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml": no matches for kind "DaemonSet" in version "extensions/v1beta1"
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换地址

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

Warning: policy/v1beta1 PodSecurityPolicy is deprecated in v1.21+, unavailable in v1.25+
podsecuritypolicy.policy/psp.flannel.unprivileged created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
serviceaccount/flannel unchanged
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg configured
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds created
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输出如下内容即为安装完成：

clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
serviceaccount/flannel created
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-amd64 created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-arm64 created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-arm created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le created
daemonset.extensions/kube-flannel-ds-s390x created
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将 woker节点加入网络
需要安装 docker 、k8s 以及修改服务器配置，之后执行从master节点上保存的命令即可完成加入。

kubeadm join 192.168.56.11:6443 --token wbryr0.am1n476fgjsno6wa --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7640582747efefe7c2d537655e428faa6275dbaff631de37822eb8fd4c054807
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待控制台中输出以下内容后即为加入成功：

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.
Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the master to see this node join the cluster.
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随后登录master1查看已加入节点状态，可以看到worker1已加入，并且状态均为就绪。至此，k8s 搭建完成：

root@master1:~# kubectl get nodes
NAME      STATUS   ROLES    AGE    VERSION
master1   Ready    master   145m   v1.15.0
worker1   Ready    <none>   87m    v1.15.0
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脚本安装步骤

1. 准备工作
   配置节点免密登陆，可参考原生安装中的配置方法。
2. 下载脚本

# centos
wget https://ghproxy.com/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lework/kainstall/master/kainstall-centos.sh

# debian
wget https://ghproxy.com/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lework/kainstall/master/kainstall-debian.sh

# ubuntu
wget https://ghproxy.com/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lework/kainstall/master/kainstall-ubuntu.sh
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3. 查看脚本信息

bash kainstall-centos.sh
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4. 初始化集群

bash kainstall-centos.sh init \
  --master ip1,ip2,ip3 \
  --worker ip4,ip5 \
  --user root \
  --password 123456 \
  --port 22 \
  --version 1.24
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