前言
Tornado(龙卷风)和Django一样是Python中比较主流的web框架,Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架也有着明显的区别:Tornado自带socket,并且实现了异步非阻塞并对WebSocket协议天然支持;
一、Tornado框架的基本组成
Tonado由 路由系统、视图、模板语言4大部分组成,如果习惯了使用Django你会感觉它功能单薄,但是只有这样才能足够轻量,如果用到什么功能就自己去GitHub上找现成的插件,或者自实现;以下将对这些基本组件进行逐一介绍。
Django功能概览:
socket:有
中间件:无(使用Python的wsgiref模块)
路由系统:有
视图函数:有
ORM操作:有
模板语言:有
simple_tag:有
cokies:有
session:有
csrf:有
xss:有
其他:缓存、信号、Form组件、ModelFormm、Admin
tornado功能概览:
socket:有(异步非阻塞、支持WebScoket)
路由系统:有
视图函数:有
静态文件:有
ORM操作:无
模板语言:有
simple_tag:有,uimethod,uimodule
cokies:有
session:无
csrf:有
xss:有
其他:无
二、Tornado自带功能
1、Tornado执行流程
#准备安装Tornado: pip install tornado import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): #注意继承RequestHandler 而不是redirectHandler def get(self): self.write('hellow ,world') application=tornado.web.Application([ (r'/index/',MainHandler) #路由 ]) if __name__ == '__main__': application.listen(8888) #创建1个socket对象 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() #conn,addr=socket.accept()进入监听状态
第一步:执行脚本,监听 8888 端口
第二步:浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index/
第三步:服务器接受请求,并交由对应的类处理该请求
第四步:类接受到请求之后,根据请求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同调用并执行相应的方法
第五步:方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器
配置文件:
setings={ 'template_path':'templates',#配置模板路径 'static_path':'static', #配置静态文件存放的路径 'static_url_prefix':'/zhanggen/', #在模板中引用静态文件路径时使用的别名 注意是模板引用时的别名 "xsrf_cookies": True, #使用xsrf认证 'cookie_secret' :'xsseffekrjewkhwy'#cokies加密时使用的盐 } application=tornado.web.Application([ (r'/login/',LoginHandler) ,#参数1 路由系统 (r'/index/',IndexHandler) ,#参数1 路由系统 ], **setings #参数2 配置文件 )
2、路由系统
2.1、动态路由(url传参数)
app=tornado.web.Application( [ (r'^/index/$',MainHandler), (r'^/index/(\d+)$',MainHandler), #url传参 ] )
2.2、域名匹配
#支持域名匹配 www.zhanggen.com:8888/index/333333 app.add_handlers('www.zhanggen.com',[ (r'^/index/$', MainHandler), (r'^/index/(\d+)$', MainHandler), ])
2.3、反向生成url
app.add_handlers('www.zhanggen.com',[ (r'^/index/$', MainHandler,{},"name1"), #反向生成url (r'^/index/(\d+)$', MainHandler,{},"name2"), ])
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self,*args,**kwargs): url1=self.application.reverse_url('name1') url2 = self.application.reverse_url('name2', 666) print(url1,url2) self.write('hello word')
3、视图
tornado的视图才有CBV模式,url匹配成功之后先 视图执行顺序为 initialize 、prepare、get/post/put/delete、finish;
import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): #1 print() def prepare(self): pass def get(self,*args,**kwargs): self.write('hello word') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): pass def finish(self, chunk=None): pass super(self,MainHandler).finish()
3.1、请求相关
self.get_body_argument('user') :获取POST请求携带的参数
self.get_body_arguments('user_list') :获取POST请求参数列表(如chebox标签和select多选)
self.request.body.decode('utf-8'):获取json数据
self.get_query_argument('user') :获取GET请求携带的参数
self.get_query_arguments('user_list') :获取GET请求参数列表(如chebox标签和select多选)
self.get_argument('user') :获取GET和POST请求携带的参数
self.get_arguments('user_list'):获取GET和POST请求参数列表(如chebox标签和select多选)
注:以上取值方式如果取不到值就会报错,可以设置取不到值就取None;(例如 self.get_argument('user',None))
3.2、响应相关
self.write() :响应字符串
self.render():响应页面
self.redirect():页面跳转
4、模板语言
tornado的模板语言和Python语法一致
4.1、登录页面
#准备安装Tornado: pip install tornado import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): #注意继承RequestHandler 而不是redirectHandler def get(self): self.render('login.html') setings={ 'template_path':'templates',#配置模板路径 'static_path':'static', #配置静态文件存放的路径 'static_url_prefix':'/zhanggen/' #在模板中引用静态文件路径时使用的别名 注意是模板引用时的别名 } application=tornado.web.Application([ (r'/login/',LoginHandler) #参数1 路由系统 ], **setings #参数2 配置文件 ) if __name__ == '__main__': application.listen(8888) #创建1个socket对象 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() #conn,addr=socket.accept()进入监听状态
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/zhanggen/dist/css/bootstrap.css"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-5 col-md-offset-3"> <form method="post" > <div class="form-group"> <label for="exampleInputEmail1">用户名</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" id="exampleInputEmail1" placeholder="用户名"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="exampleInputPassword1">密码</label> <input type="password" class="form-control" id="exampleInputPassword1" placeholder="密码"> </div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
4.2、引入静态文件
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/zhanggen/coment.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href='{{static_url("dist/css/bootstrap.css") }}'>
通过static_url()方法引入静态文件的好处:
1、使用static_url()可以不用考虑静态文件修改之后造成引用失效的情况;
2、还会生成静态文件url会有一个v=...的参数,这是tornado根据静态文件MD5之后的值,如果后台的静态文件修改,这个值就会变化,前端就会重新向后台请求静态文件,保证页面实时更新,不引用浏览器缓存;
4.3、上下文对象
如果模板语言中声明了变量,上下文对象必须对应传值,如果没有就设置为空,否则会报错;
self.render('login.html',**{'erro_msg':'' }) #模板中声明了变量,视图必须传值,如果没有就设置为空;
5、xsrf_tocken认证
setings={ 'template_path':'templates',#配置模板路径 'static_path':'static', #配置静态文件存放的路径 'static_url_prefix':'/zhanggen/', #在模板中引用静态文件路径时使用的别名 注意是模板引用时的别名 "xsrf_cookies": True, #使用xsrf认证 }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <link rel="stylesheet" href='{{static_url("dist/css/bootstrap.css") }}'> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-5 col-md-offset-3"> <form method="post" > {%raw xsrf_form_html() %} <div class="form-group"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="用户名" name="user"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input type="password" class="form-control" placeholder="密码" name="pwd"> </div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
6、cokies
Tornado不自带session,但是包含cookies;
6.1、cookies
设置cokies
user=self.get_cookie('username') if user: v=time.time()+10 self.set_cookie('username', user, expires=v)
获取cokies
self.get_cookie('username')
设置在用户不断刷新页面的情况,cookies不过期;
import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import time class SeedListHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): user=self.get_cookie('username') if user: v=time.time()+10 self.set_cookie('username', user, expires=v)
6.2、Tornado加密cokies
配置加密规则使用的字符串
setings={ 'template_path':'templates', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix':'/zhanggen/', #配置文件别名必须以/开头以/结尾 'cookie_secret':'sssseertdfcvcvd'#配置加密cookie使用得加密字符串 }
设置加密的cokies
self.set_secure_cookie('username',user,expires=v)
获取加密的cokies
self.get_secure_cookie('username')
设置在用户不断刷新页面的情况,SecureCookies不过期;
import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import time class SeedListHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): user=self.get_secure_cookie('username') if user: v=time.time()+10 self.set_secure_cookie('username', user, expires=v) #设置加密cookies
6.3、@authenticated 装饰器
执行 self.curent_user,有值就登录用户,无就去执行get_curent_user方法,get_curent_user没有返回用户信息,会记录当前url更加配置文件跳转到登录页面;
配置认证失败跳转的url
setings={ 'template_path':'templates', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix':'/zhanggen/', #配置文件别名必须以/开头以/结尾 'cookie_secret':'sssseertdfcvcvd',#配置加密cookie使用得加密字符串 'login_url':'/login/' #@authenticated 验证失败跳转的url }
视图
import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import time from tornado.web import authenticated class SeedListHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): user=self.get_secure_cookie('username') if user: v=time.time()+10 self.set_secure_cookie('username', user, expires=v) #设置加密cookies def get_current_user(self): return self.get_secure_cookie('username') @authenticated #执行 self.curent_user,有值就登录用户,无就去执行get_curent_user方法 def get(self, *args, **kwargs): self.write('种子列表')
if user == 'zhanggen' and pwd=='123.com': v = time.time() + 10 self.set_secure_cookie('username',user,expires=v) net_url=self.get_query_argument ('next',None) if not net_url: net_url='/index/' self.redirect(net_url) return
三、Tornado特色功能
Tornado有2大特色:原生支持WebSocket协议、异步非阻塞的Web框架
1、WebSocket协议
HTTP和WebSocket协议都是基于TCP协议的,不同于HTTP协议的是WebSocket和服务端建立是长连接且连接成功之后,会创建一个全双工通道,这时服务端可以向客户端推送消息,客户端也可以向服务端推送消息,其本质是保持TCP连接,在浏览器和服务端通过Socket进行通信,由于WebSocket协议建立的是双向全双工通道,所以客户端(浏览器)和服务端(Web框架)双方都要支持WebSocket协议,Tornado原生支持这种协议;
1.0、WebSocket 和HTTP轮询、长轮询、长连接的区别?
HTTP轮询:
每间隔1段时间 向服务端发送http请求;
优点:后端程序编写比较容易。
缺点:请求中有大半是无用,浪费带宽和服务器资源,有数据延迟。
实例:适于小型应用。
HTTP长轮询:
每间隔1段时间 向服务端发送http请求,服务器接收到请求之后hold住本次连接1段时间,客户端进入pending状态;
如果在hold期间服务端有新消息:会立即响应给客户端;
如果没有新消息:超过hold时间,服务端会放开客户端;
一直循环往复;
优点:在无消息的情况下不会频繁的请求。
缺点:服务器hold连接会消耗资源
实例:WebQQ、WEB微信、Hi网页版、Facebook IM。
HTTP长连接:
客户端就发送1个长连接的请求,服务器端就能源源不断地往客户端输入数据。
优点:消息即时到达,客户端无需重复发送请求。
缺点:服务器维护一个长连接会增加开销。
WebSocket 协议:
服务端和客户端连接建立全双工通道一直不断开;
优点:实现了实时通讯
缺点:旧版本浏览器不支持WebSocket协议,兼容性不强;(这也行也是腾讯的WEB微信、WEBQQ不使用该协议的原因吧?)
1.1、实现WebSocket
实现WebScoket协议,需要遵循2项规则 创建WebSocket连接、服务端对封包和解包
a、建立连接
步骤1:客户端向server端发送请求中,请求信息中携带Sec-WebSocket-Key: jnqJRYC7EgcTK8OCkVnu9w==\r\n;
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <div> <input type="text" id="txt"/> <input type="button" id="btn" value="提交" onclick="sendMsg();"/> <input type="button" id="close" value="关闭连接" onclick="closeConn();"/> </div> <div id="content"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> var socket = new WebSocket("ws://127.0.0.1:8002"); socket.onopen = function () { /* 与服务器端连接成功后,自动执行 */ var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = "【连接成功】"; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); }; socket.onmessage = function (event) { /* 服务器端向客户端发送数据时,自动执行 */ var response = event.data; var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = response; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); }; socket.onclose = function (event) { /* 服务器端主动断开连接时,自动执行 */ var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = "【关闭连接】"; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); }; function sendMsg() { var txt = document.getElementById('txt'); socket.send(txt.value); txt.value = ""; } function closeConn() { socket.close(); var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = "【关闭连接】"; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); } </script> </body> </html>
步骤2:服务端接收到客户端请求,获取请求头,从中获取Sec-WebSocket-Key;
步骤3:获取到的Sec-WebSocket-Key对应的字符和magic_string进行拼接;
magic_string = '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' #固定且全球唯一 value = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] + magic_string
步骤4:设置响应头,步骤3拼接完成之后的结果进行 base64加密;
ac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode('utf-8')).digest())
GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: 127.0.0.1:8002\r\n
Connection: Upgrade\r\n
Pragma: no-cache\r\n
Cache-Control: no-cache\r\n
Upgrade: websocket\r\n
Origin: http://localhost:63342\r\n
Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13\r\n
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.90 Safari/537.36\r\n
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br\r\n
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8\r\n
Cookie: csrftoken=Om7ZrGEiMyYdx3F6xJmD5ycSWllhDc1D7SXRZKBoj7geGrQ3uwCHkCDdEJRWN1Zg; key="2|1:0|10:1513731498|3:key|12:emhhbmdnZW4=|664ad11ac6e040938f32893d7515f0680b171c39d0f99b918c3366a397f9331c"\r\n
Sec-WebSocket-Key: jnqJRYC7EgcTK8OCkVnu9w==\r\n
Sec-WebSocket-Extensions: permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits\r\n\r\n'
b、数据传输(解包、封包)
客户端和服务端传输数据时,需要对数据进行【封包】和【解包】。客户端的JavaScript类库已经封装【封包】和【解包】过程,但Socket服务端需要手动实现。
步骤1:Socket服务端接收客户端发送的数据,并对其解包;
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <div> <input type="text" id="txt"/> <input type="button" id="btn" value="提交" onclick="sendMsg();"/> <input type="button" id="close" value="关闭连接" onclick="closeConn();"/> </div> <div id="content"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> var socket = new WebSocket("ws://127.0.0.1:8002"); socket.onopen = function () { /* 与服务器端连接成功后,自动执行 */ var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = "【连接成功】"; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); }; socket.onmessage = function (event) { /* 服务器端向客户端发送数据时,自动执行 */ var response = event.data; var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = response; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); }; socket.onclose = function (event) { /* 服务器端主动断开连接时,自动执行 */ var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = "【关闭连接】"; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); }; function sendMsg() { var txt = document.getElementById('txt'); socket.send(txt.value); txt.value = ""; } function closeConn() { socket.close(); var newTag = document.createElement('div'); newTag.innerHTML = "【关闭连接】"; document.getElementById('content').appendChild(newTag); } </script> </body> </html>
conn, address = sock.accept() data = conn.recv(1024) headers = get_headers(data) response_tpl = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection:Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept:%s\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location:ws://%s%s\r\n\r\n" value = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] + '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' ac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode('utf-8')).digest()) response_str = response_tpl % (ac.decode('utf-8'), headers['Host'], headers['url']) conn.send(bytes(response_str, encoding='utf-8'))
步骤2:Socket服务端对发送给服务端的数据进行封包;
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import socket import base64 import hashlib def get_headers(data): """ 将请求头格式化成字典 :param data: :return: """ header_dict = {} data = str(data, encoding='utf-8') header, body = data.split('\r\n\r\n', 1) header_list = header.split('\r\n') for i in range(0, len(header_list)): if i == 0: if len(header_list[i].split(' ')) == 3: header_dict['method'], header_dict['url'], header_dict['protocol'] = header_list[i].split(' ') else: k, v = header_list[i].split(':', 1) header_dict[k] = v.strip() return header_dict def send_msg(conn, msg_bytes): """ WebSocket服务端向客户端发送消息 :param conn: 客户端连接到服务器端的socket对象,即: conn,address = socket.accept() :param msg_bytes: 向客户端发送的字节 :return: """ import struct token = b"\x81" length = len(msg_bytes) if length < 126: token += struct.pack("B", length) elif length <= 0xFFFF: token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length) else: token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length) msg = token + msg_bytes conn.send(msg) return True def run(): sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002)) sock.listen(5) conn, address = sock.accept() data = conn.recv(1024) headers = get_headers(data) response_tpl = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection:Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept:%s\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location:ws://%s%s\r\n\r\n" value = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] + '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' ac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode('utf-8')).digest()) response_str = response_tpl % (ac.decode('utf-8'), headers['Host'], headers['url']) conn.send(bytes(response_str, encoding='utf-8')) while True: try: info = conn.recv(8096) except Exception as e: info = None if not info: break payload_len = info[1] & 127 if payload_len == 126: extend_payload_len = info[2:4] mask = info[4:8] decoded = info[8:] elif payload_len == 127: extend_payload_len = info[2:10] mask = info[10:14] decoded = info[14:] else: extend_payload_len = None mask = info[2:6] decoded = info[6:] bytes_list = bytearray() for i in range(len(decoded)): chunk = decoded[i] ^ mask[i % 4] bytes_list.append(chunk) body = str(bytes_list, encoding='utf-8') send_msg(conn, body.encode('utf-8')) sock.close() if __name__ == '__main__': run()
WebSocket协议参考博客:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/p/6558766.html
1.2、基于Tornado实现Web聊天室
Tornado是一个支持WebSocket的优秀框架,当然Tornado内部封装功能更加完整,以下是基于Tornado实现的聊天室示例:
模板语言
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Python聊天室</title> </head> <body> <div> <input type="text" id="txt"/> <input type="button" id="btn" value="提交" οnclick="sendMsg();"/> <input type="button" id="close" value="关闭连接" οnclick="closeConn();"/> </div> <div id="container" style="border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 20px;min-height: 500px;"> </div> <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function () { wsUpdater.start(); }); var wsUpdater = { socket: null, uid: null, start: function() { var url = "ws://127.0.0.1:8009/chat"; wsUpdater.socket = new WebSocket(url); wsUpdater.socket.onmessage = function(event) { console.log(event); if(wsUpdater.uid){ wsUpdater.showMessage(event.data); }else{ wsUpdater.uid = event.data; } } }, showMessage: function(content) { $('#container').append(content); } }; function sendMsg() { var msg = { uid: wsUpdater.uid, message: $("#txt").val() }; wsUpdater.socket.send(JSON.stringify(msg)); } </script> </body> </html>
<div style="border: 1px solid #dddddd;margin: 10px;"> <div>游客{{uid}}</div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;">{{message}}</div> </div>
视图
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import socket import base64 import hashlib def get_headers(data): """ 将请求头格式化成字典 :param data: :return: """ header_dict = {} data = str(data, encoding='utf-8') header, body = data.split('\r\n\r\n', 1) header_list = header.split('\r\n') for i in range(0, len(header_list)): if i == 0: if len(header_list[i].split(' ')) == 3: header_dict['method'], header_dict['url'], header_dict['protocol'] = header_list[i].split(' ') else: k, v = header_list[i].split(':', 1) header_dict[k] = v.strip() return header_dict def send_msg(conn, msg_bytes): """ WebSocket服务端向客户端发送消息 :param conn: 客户端连接到服务器端的socket对象,即: conn,address = socket.accept() :param msg_bytes: 向客户端发送的字节 :return: """ import struct token = b"\x81" length = len(msg_bytes) if length < 126: token += struct.pack("B", length) elif length <= 0xFFFF: token += struct.pack("!BH", 126, length) else: token += struct.pack("!BQ", 127, length) msg = token + msg_bytes conn.send(msg) return True def run(): sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8002)) sock.listen(5) conn, address = sock.accept() data = conn.recv(1024) headers = get_headers(data) response_tpl = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n" \ "Upgrade:websocket\r\n" \ "Connection:Upgrade\r\n" \ "Sec-WebSocket-Accept:%s\r\n" \ "WebSocket-Location:ws://%s%s\r\n\r\n" value = headers['Sec-WebSocket-Key'] + '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11' ac = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha1(value.encode('utf-8')).digest()) response_str = response_tpl % (ac.decode('utf-8'), headers['Host'], headers['url']) conn.send(bytes(response_str, encoding='utf-8')) while True: try: info = conn.recv(8096) except Exception as e: info = None if not info: break payload_len = info[1] & 127 if payload_len == 126: extend_payload_len = info[2:4] mask = info[4:8] decoded = info[8:] elif payload_len == 127: extend_payload_len = info[2:10] mask = info[10:14] decoded = info[14:] else: extend_payload_len = None mask = info[2:6] decoded = info[6:] bytes_list = bytearray() for i in range(len(decoded)): chunk = decoded[i] ^ mask[i % 4] bytes_list.append(chunk) body = str(bytes_list, encoding='utf-8') send_msg(conn, body.encode('utf-8')) sock.close() if __name__ == '__main__': run()
2、异步非阻塞介绍
Web框架分阻塞式和异步非阻塞2种;
2.1.阻塞式IO(Django、Flask、Bottle)
大多数的Web框架都是阻塞式的,体现在1个请求到达服务端如果服务端未处理完该请求,后续请求一直等待;
解决方案:
开启多线程/多进程:多个线程提高并发;
import tornado.ioloop import time import tornado.web import tornado.websocket from tornado.httpserver import HTTPServer class IndexHadlar(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): print('请求开始') time.sleep(10) self.write('hello,world ') print("请求结束") application=tornado.web.Application([ (r'/index/',IndexHadlar) ]) if __name__ == '__main__': # 单线程模式 # application.listen(8888) # tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() # 多线程模式 server=HTTPServer(application) server.bind(8888) server.start(3) #开启4个进程 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
缺点:浪费系统资源
2.2、Tornado异步非阻塞(Tornado/NodeJS)
异步非阻塞就是在服务端结合IO多路复用select/poll/epoll模板,做到1个线程在遇到IO操作的情况下,还可以做一些其他的任务;Tornado默认是阻塞的同时也支持异步非阻塞功能;
Tornado异步非阻塞=IO多路复用(循环检查socket是否发生变化)+携程(哪个有变化?就切换到那个socket!)
1.客户端发送请求如果请求内容不涉及IO操作(连接数据、还得去其他网站获取内容)服务端直接响应客户端;
2.如果请求内容涉及IO操作,服务端把本次连接的socket信息添加到socket监听列表中监听起来;
然后去连接其它socket(数据库、其它站点)由于是不阻塞的所以服务端把这次发送socket信息也监听起来;(一直循环监听,直到socket监听列表中的socket发生变化)
3.把socket全部监听之后,就可以去继续接收其它请求了,如果检测到socket监听列表中的socket有变化(有数据返回),找到对应socket响应数据,并从socket监听列表中剔除;
小结:
Tornado的异步非阻塞,本质上是请求到达视图 1、先yield 1个Future对象 2、 IO多路复用模块把该socket添加到监听列表循环监听起来;3、 循环监听过程中哪1个socket发生变化有response,执行 Future.set_result(response),请求至此返回结束,否则socket连接一直不断开,IO多路复用模块一直循环监听socket是否发生变化?;
当发送GET请求时,由于方法被@gen.coroutine装饰且yield 一个 Future对象,那么Tornado会等待,等待用户向future对象中放置数据或者发送信号,如果获取到数据或信号之后,就开始执行doing方法。
异步非阻塞体现在当在Tornaod等待用户向future对象中放置数据时,还可以处理其他请求。
注意:在等待用户向future对象中放置数据或信号时,此连接是不断开的。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import time import tornado.web import tornado.websocket from tornado import gen #导入 from tornado.concurrent import Future import time class IndexHadlar(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @gen.coroutine #coroutine(携程装饰器) def get(self): print('请求开始') future=Future() tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_timeout(time.time()+10,self.doing) yield future #yield 1个future对象,IO之后自动切换到doing方法执行; def doing(self): self.write('请求完成') self.finish() #关闭连接 application=tornado.web.Application([ (r'/index/',IndexHadlar) ]) if __name__ == '__main__': # 单进程模式 application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
2.3、Tornado httpclient类库
如果服务端接受到客户端的请求,需要去其他API获取数据,再响应给客户端,这就涉及到了IO操作,Tornado提供了httpclient类库用于发送Http请求,其配合Tornado的异步非阻塞使用。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.web from tornado.web import RequestHandler from tornado import gen from tornado import httpclient class AsyncHandler(RequestHandler): @gen.coroutine def get(self): print('收到报警') http=httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() yield http.fetch('https://github.com',self.done) def done(self,respose,*args,**kwargs): print(respose) self.write('推送成功') self.finish() application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/zhanggen/", AsyncHandler), ]) if __name__ == '__main__': application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
2.3、Tornado-MySQL类库
如果服务端接收到客户端请求,需要连接数据库再把查询的结果响应客户端,这个过程中连接数据、发送查询SQL、接收数据库返回结果 都会遇到IO阻塞、耗时的问题,所以Tornado提供了Tornado-MySQL模块(对PyMySQL进行二次封装),让我们在使用数据库的时候也可以做到异步非阻塞。
# yield cur.execute("SELECT name,email FROM web_models_userprofile where name=%s", (user,))
方式1 需要对每个IO操作分别yeild,操作起来比较繁琐,所以可以通过task的方式把IO操作封装到函数中统一进行异步处理(无论什么方式本质都会yelid 1个Future对象);
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- """ 需要先安装支持异步操作Mysql的类库: Tornado-MySQL: https://github.com/PyMySQL/Tornado-MySQL#installation pip3 install Tornado-MySQL """ import tornado.web from tornado import gen import tornado_mysql from tornado_mysql import pools POOL = pools.Pool( dict(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='cmdb'), max_idle_connections=1, max_recycle_sec=3) @gen.coroutine def get_user_by_conn_pool(user): cur = yield POOL.execute("SELECT SLEEP(%s)", (user,)) row = cur.fetchone() raise gen.Return(row) @gen.coroutine def get_user(user): conn = yield tornado_mysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='cmdb', charset='utf8') cur = conn.cursor() # yield cur.execute("SELECT name,email FROM web_models_userprofile where name=%s", (user,)) yield cur.execute("select sleep(10)") row = cur.fetchone() cur.close() conn.close() raise gen.Return(row) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self, *args, **kwargs): self.render('login.html') @gen.coroutine def post(self, *args, **kwargs): user = self.get_argument('user') data = yield gen.Task(get_user, user) #把函数添加任务 if data: print(data) self.redirect('http://www.oldboyedu.com') else: self.render('login.html') application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/login", LoginHandler), ]) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
3、使用 Tornado异步非阻塞功能小结:
1、视图之上加@gen.coroutine装饰器
2、yield Future()
3、Future对象的set_result()执行请求会立即返回;
四、Tornado功能扩展
1、session
Tornado原生不带session,所以需要自定制session框架;
自定制session知识储备
a、python的 __getitem__、__setitem__,__delitem__内置方法
class Foo(object): def __getitem__(self, item): return 666 def __setitem__(self, key, value): pass def __delitem__(self, key): pass obj=Foo() print(obj['name']) #Python的[]语法,会自动执行对象的__getitem__方法; obj['name']=888 #会自动执行对象的__setitem__方法 del obj['name'] #会自动执行对象的__delitem__方法 class Yuchao(object): def __init__(self,num): self.num=num def __add__(self, other): return self.num+other.num ''' python 内置的方法 __new__ __init__ __add__ __getitem__ __setitem__ __delitem__ __call__ ''' a=Yuchao('5') b=Yuchao('5') print(a+b)
b、Tornado在请求处理之前先执行initialize方法;
模板语言
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <link rel="stylesheet" href='{{static_url("dist/css/bootstrap.css") }}'> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-5 col-md-offset-3"> <form method="post" > {%raw xsrf_form_html() %} <div class="form-group"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="用户名" name="user"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input type="password" class="form-control" placeholder="密码" name="pwd"> </div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> <p>{{msg}}</p> </form> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h2>首页</h2> <h1>循环列表</h1> <ul> {% for item in userlist %} <li>{{item}} </li> {% end %} <!--注意不是Django里面的enfor直接end if 也是end--> </ul> <h1>列表索引取值</h1> {{userlist[1]}} <h1>循环字典</h1> <ul> {% for item in userdict.items() %} <li>{{item}} </li> {% end %} <!--注意不是Django里面的enfor直接end if 也是end--> </ul> <h1>字典索引取值</h1> {{userdict['name']}} {{userdict.get('age')}} </body> </html>
c、自定制session
from hashlib import sha1 import os, time create_session_id = lambda: sha1(bytes('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time()), encoding='utf-8')).hexdigest() contatiner={} class Zg(object): def __init__(self,handler ): self.handler=handler random_str=self.handler.get_cookie('MySessionId') #获取用户cokies中的随机字符串 if not random_str: #如果没有随机字符串,则创建1个; random_str=create_session_id() contatiner[random_str]={} else: #如果有检查是否是伪造的随机字符串? if random_str not in contatiner: random_str = create_session_id()#伪造的重新生产一个 contatiner[random_str] = {} self.random_str=random_str #最后生成随机字符串 self.handler.set_cookie('MySessionId',random_str,max_age=10) #把随机字符串,写到用户cokies中; def __getitem__(self, item): return contatiner[self.random_str].get(item) def __setitem__(self, key, value): contatiner[self.random_str][key]=value def __delitem__(self, key): if contatiner[self.random_str][key]: del contatiner[self.random_str][key]
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): self.session=Zg(self) #sel是Handler对象,方便获取cokies def get(self): self.render('login.html',**{'msg':''}) def post(self): user = self.get_argument('user') pwd = self.get_argument('pwd') if user == 'zhanggen' and pwd == '123.com': self.session['user_info']=user self.redirect('/index/') return self.render('login.html', **{'msg': '用户名/密码错误'}) class IndexHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): self.session = Zg(self) def get(self): username = self.session['user_info'] if not username: self.redirect('/login/') return userlist = ['张根', '于超', '李兆宇'] userdict = {'name': '张根', 'gender': 'man', 'age': 18} print(contatiner) self.render('index.html', **{'userlist': userlist, 'userdict': userdict})
1.1、分布式存储session信息
N个鸡蛋不能放在1个篮子,如果想要把N个鸡蛋放在N个篮子里,需要解决以下2个问题;
问题1:通过什么机制判断哪1个鸡蛋应该放在哪1个篮子里?
问题2:想要吃吃某1个鸡蛋时 要已O1的时间复杂度,把它快速取出来;
就就需要一致性hash算法了;
一致性hash算法逻辑:
r=a-n*[a//n] #主要运用了1个取模运算(%) a是被除数 n是除数
0=12-4*(12//4)
0、定义一个socket地址列表 ['192.168.1.1:6379','192.168.1.2:6379','192.168.1.3:6379']
1、每次连接数据库的请求过来,获取当前用户生成1个唯一的随机字符串,然后根据ASCII表把该字符串转换成对应的数字 N;asdsdffrdf ==> 1234
2、数字N和socket地址列表的长度求余(N%len(socket地址列表)),得到socket地址列表中的index,进而根据索引获取socket地址列表中的socket;
3、即使取余也无法保证平均,如果增加权重呢?多出现几次,增加出现机率; v=['192.168.1.1:6379','192.168.1.2:6379','192.168.1.3:6379','192.168.1.1:6379','192.168.1.1:6379',]
4.如果想要获取放进去的session信息就拿着那1个步骤1生成的唯一的随机字符串过来,反解步骤1、2即可;
Python3一致性hash模块
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ hash_ring ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Implements consistent hashing that can be used when the number of server nodes can increase or decrease (like in memcached). Consistent hashing is a scheme that provides a hash table functionality in a way that the adding or removing of one slot does not significantly change the mapping of keys to slots. More information about consistent hashing can be read in these articles: "Web Caching with Consistent Hashing": http://www8.org/w8-papers/2a-webserver/caching/paper2.html "Consistent hashing and random trees: Distributed caching protocols for relieving hot spots on the World Wide Web (1997)": http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/legacymapper?did=38148 Example of usage:: memcache_servers = ['192.168.0.246:11212', '192.168.0.247:11212', '192.168.0.249:11212'] ring = HashRing(memcache_servers) server = ring.get_node('my_key') :copyright: 2008 by Amir Salihefendic. :license: BSD """ import math import sys from bisect import bisect if sys.version_info >= (2, 5): import hashlib md5_constructor = hashlib.md5 else: import md5 md5_constructor = md5.new class HashRing(object): def __init__(self, nodes=None, weights=None): """`nodes` is a list of objects that have a proper __str__ representation. `weights` is dictionary that sets weights to the nodes. The default weight is that all nodes are equal. """ self.ring = dict() self._sorted_keys = [] self.nodes = nodes if not weights: weights = {} self.weights = weights self._generate_circle() def _generate_circle(self): """Generates the circle. """ total_weight = 0 for node in self.nodes: total_weight += self.weights.get(node, 1) for node in self.nodes: weight = 1 if node in self.weights: weight = self.weights.get(node) factor = math.floor((40*len(self.nodes)*weight) / total_weight) for j in range(0, int(factor)): b_key = self._hash_digest( '%s-%s' % (node, j) ) for i in range(0, 3): key = self._hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x+i*4) self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) self._sorted_keys.sort() def get_node(self, string_key): """Given a string key a corresponding node in the hash ring is returned. If the hash ring is empty, `None` is returned. """ pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key) if pos is None: return None return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos] ] def get_node_pos(self, string_key): """Given a string key a corresponding node in the hash ring is returned along with it's position in the ring. If the hash ring is empty, (`None`, `None`) is returned. """ if not self.ring: return None key = self.gen_key(string_key) nodes = self._sorted_keys pos = bisect(nodes, key) if pos == len(nodes): return 0 else: return pos def iterate_nodes(self, string_key, distinct=True): """Given a string key it returns the nodes as a generator that can hold the key. The generator iterates one time through the ring starting at the correct position. if `distinct` is set, then the nodes returned will be unique, i.e. no virtual copies will be returned. """ if not self.ring: yield None, None returned_values = set() def distinct_filter(value): if str(value) not in returned_values: returned_values.add(str(value)) return value pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key) for key in self._sorted_keys[pos:]: val = distinct_filter(self.ring[key]) if val: yield val for i, key in enumerate(self._sorted_keys): if i < pos: val = distinct_filter(self.ring[key]) if val: yield val def gen_key(self, key): """Given a string key it returns a long value, this long value represents a place on the hash ring. md5 is currently used because it mixes well. """ b_key = self._hash_digest(key) return self._hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x) def _hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn): return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24) |(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16) |(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8) | b_key[entry_fn(0)] ) def _hash_digest(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key.encode('utf-8')) # return map(ord, m.digest()) return list(m.digest())
使用一致性hash模块
from hash_ring import HashRing redis_server=['192.168.1.1:6379','192.168.1.2:6379','192.168.1.3:6379'] weights={ '192.168.1.1:6379':1, '192.168.1.2:6379':1, '192.168.1.3:6379':1, } ring=HashRing(redis_server,weights) ret=ring.get_node('随机字符串')#获取随机得 socket地址 print(ret)
2、自定义Form组件
Form组件2大功能:自动生成html标签 +对用户数据进行验证
待续。。。。
3、自定义中间件
tornado在执行视图之前会先执行initialize prepare方法,完成响应之后会执行finish方法,利用这个特性就可以做一个类似Django中间件的功能;
import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MiddleWare1(object): def process_request(self,request): #request 是RequestHandler的实例 print('访问前经过中间件ware1') def process_response(self,request): print('访问结束经过中间件ware1') class BaseMiddleWare(object): middleware = [MiddleWare1(),] class MiddleRequestHandler(BaseMiddleWare,tornado.web.RequestHandler): def prepare(self): #重新父类的 prepare方法(默认是pass) for middleware in self.middleware: middleware.process_request(self) def finish(self, chunk=None): #重写父类finish方法 for middleware in self.middleware: middleware.process_response(self) super(MiddleRequestHandler,self).finish() #注意最后需要执行父类RequestHandler的finish方法才能结束; def get(self, *args, **kwargs): self.write('hhhhhhhh') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): print(self.request) self.write('post') application = tornado.web.Application([ (r'/index/',MiddleRequestHandler), ] ) if __name__ == '__main__': application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() # 注:在tornado中要实现中间件的方式,通过prepare和finish这两种方法
银角大王博客:
http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5341480.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/p/5938916.html(自定义Form组件)
http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5702910.html