以下内容转自
https://blog.csdn.net/fengqingting2/article/details/41940149
https://blog.csdn.net/windone0109/article/details/8895875
https://blog.csdn.net/zgl07/article/details/43196823
今天遇到要在os.system中连续执行多条语句的情况,语句如下:
cmd1="cd /d %s" % os.path.dirname(file_path)
cmd2="python setup.py install"
如果分为两次执行,即:os.system(cmd1) os.system(cmd2),在执行第二条语句的时候会提示找不到setup.py文件,也就是没有进入到相应的路径,查阅了类似的帖子,有说明如下:
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你需要了解os.system
的工作原理:
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell. This is implemented by calling the Standard C function system(), and has the same limitations...
关于子进程的创建需要明确两点:
- 父进程的环境变量(environment variables)会默认传递到子进程中(工作目录
PWD
就是环境变量之一) - 使用
system
函数,子进程无法影响父进程中的环境变量
根据这两点,执行os.system(path)
引发的工作目录变更作用范围仅限于第一个被创建的子进程,故而当前的工作目录没有变更,到执行os.system(upd)
就会报错。关于这点,可以用REPL验证如下:
>>> import os >>> os.getcwd() '/Users/user1' >>> os.system('cd /etc') 0 >>> os.getcwd() '/Users/user1'
要达到预期的效果,如果仍使用os.system
,有两种方法。第一种方法是确保工作目录的变更和svn
都在子进程中进行,可以使用复合语句(如os.system('cd path-to-repo && svn ci')
)或多个语句(如os.system('cd path-to-repo; svn ci')
)。第二种方法则是先在父进程中切换工作目录(os.chdir('path-to-repo')
),再利用1.
中提到的原理,执行子进程即可(os.system('svn ci')
)。
最后采用cmd="cd /d %s && python setup.py install" % os.path.dirname(file_path)的形式解决了问题,即采用&&连接多个命令
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两者的区别是:
os.system(cmd)的返回值只会有0(成功),1,2
os.popen(cmd)会吧执行的cmd的输出作为值返回。
python调用Shell脚本,有两种方法:os.system(cmd)或os.popen(cmd),前者返回值是脚本的退出状态码,后者的返回值是脚本执行过程中的输出内容。实际使用时视需求情况而选择。
现假定有一个shell脚本test.sh:
#!/bin/bash
1. echo "hello world!"
2. exit 3
os.system(cmd):
该方法在调用完shell脚本后,返回一个16位的二进制数,低位为杀死所调用脚本的信号号码,高位为脚本的退出状态码,即脚本中“exit 1”的代码执行后,os.system函数返回值的高位数则是1,如果低位数是0的情况下,则函数的返回值是0×100,换算为10进制得到256。
如果我们需要获得os.system的正确返回值,那使用位移运算可以还原返回值:
1. >>> n = os.system(test.sh)
2. >>> n >> 8
3. >>> 3
os.popen(cmd):
这种调用方式是通过管道的方式来实现,函数返回一个file-like的对象,里面的内容是脚本输出的内容(可简单理解为echo输出的内容)。使用os.popen调用test.sh的情况:
python调用Shell脚本,有两种方法:os.system(cmd)或os.popen(cmd),前者返回值是脚本的退出状态码,后者的返回值是脚本执行过程中的输出内容。实际使用时视需求情况而选择。
明显地,像调用”ls”这样的shell命令,应该使用popen的方法来获得内容
以前就疑惑popen和system有什么不同,今天实际的应用,才让我恍然大悟
os.popen()可以实现一个“管道”,从这个命令获取的值可以继续被调用。而os.system不同,它只是调用,调用完后自身退出,可能返回个0吧
比如,我想得到ntpd的进程id,就要这么做:
os.popen('ps -C ntpd | grep -v CMD |awk '{ print $1 }').readlines()[0]
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问题:/bin/xxx.py是一个返回码为1的程序。当python 程序使用os.system(”./bin/xxx.py”) 这样调用的时候, 成功运行后os.system 的返回值出现了问题,变成了256 ,也就是0×100。而不是正常应该返回的1。
解决:查阅了文档发现os.system()的返回为:
On Unix, the return value is the exit status of the process encoded in the format specified for wait().
而os.wait()的返回为:
a 16-bit number, whose low byte is the signal number that killed the process, and whose high byte is the exit status (if the signal number
is zero);
os.system的返回值并不是执行程序的返回结果。而是一个16位的数,它的高位才是返回码。也就是说os.system()返回256即 0×0100,返回码应该是其高位0×01即1。所以要获取程序运行退出的值(比如C的main函数中的return 0),需要处理一下。
ret = os.system('./a.out')
ret >>= 8
这样才能获取到正确的返回值。另外还要注意:python获取到的值是无符号整数,所以返回负值的时候,打印出来是很大的正值。比如返回-1,python 会获取到255,-2则254,以此类推。所以最好就判断是否为0就可以了,实在要判断自己写的c程序返回值,建议返回0,1,2,3等值,出错返回 -1。
另外,我遇到一次明明处理好了返回值,c程序调试信息提示也该返回值0了,结果python获取到的是 -1,而且无论c程序返回多少,python都获取-1。后来排查c程序的问题,发现原来是因为我这个python程序本身是由另一个C程序调用的,而调 用它的那个C程序中将SIGCLD信号忽略了(这表明python是根据子进程退出时产生的信号来获取返回值的),我将那个C程序的SIGCLD绑定到函 数,即使那个函数什么也不做,python也能获取到正确的返回值了。
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linux命令执行后无论成功与否都有一个返回值:
如果为 0,则表示命令执行成功,其它值则表示错误,具体的错误码含义如下:
"OS error code 1: Operation not permitted"
"OS error code 2: No such file or directory"
"OS error code 3: No such process"
"OS error code 4: Interrupted system call"
"OS error code 5: Input/output error"
"OS error code 6: No such device or address"
"OS error code 7: Argument list too long"
"OS error code 8: Exec format error"
"OS error code 9: Bad file descriptor"
"OS error code 10: No child processes"
"OS error code 11: Resource temporarily unavailable"
"OS error code 12: Cannot allocate memory"
"OS error code 13: Permission denied"
"OS error code 14: Bad address"
"OS error code 15: Block device required"
"OS error code 16: Device or resource busy"
"OS error code 17: File exists"
"OS error code 18: Invalid cross-device link"
"OS error code 19: No such device"
"OS error code 20: Not a directory"
"OS error code 21: Is a directory"
"OS error code 22: Invalid argument"
"OS error code 23: Too many open files in system"
"OS error code 24: Too many open files"
"OS error code 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device"
"OS error code 26: Text file busy"
"OS error code 27: File too large"
"OS error code 28: No space left on device"
"OS error code 29: Illegal seek"
"OS error code 30: Read-only file system"
"OS error code 31: Too many links"
"OS error code 32: Broken pipe"
"OS error code 33: Numerical argument out of domain"
"OS error code 34: Numerical result out of range"
"OS error code 35: Resource deadlock avoided"
"OS error code 36: File name too long"
"OS error code 37: No locks available"
"OS error code 38: Function not implemented"
"OS error code 39: Directory not empty"
"OS error code 40: Too many levels of symbolic links"
"OS error code 42: No message of desired type"
"OS error code 43: Identifier removed"
"OS error code 44: Channel number out of range"
"OS error code 45: Level 2 not synchronized"
"OS error code 46: Level 3 halted"
"OS error code 47: Level 3 reset"
"OS error code 48: Link number out of range"
"OS error code 49: Protocol driver not attached"
"OS error code 50: No CSI structure available"
"OS error code 51: Level 2 halted"
"OS error code 52: Invalid exchange"
"OS error code 53: Invalid request descriptor"
"OS error code 54: Exchange full"
"OS error code 55: No anode"
"OS error code 56: Invalid request code"
"OS error code 57: Invalid slot"
"OS error code 59: Bad font file format"
"OS error code 60: Device not a stream"
"OS error code 61: No data available"
"OS error code 62: Timer expired"
"OS error code 63: Out of streams resources"
"OS error code 64: Machine is not on the network"
"OS error code 65: Package not installed"
"OS error code 66: Object is remote"
"OS error code 67: Link has been severed"
"OS error code 68: Advertise error"
"OS error code 69: Srmount error"
"OS error code 70: Communication error on send"
"OS error code 71: Protocol error"
"OS error code 72: Multihop attempted"
"OS error code 73: RFS specific error"
"OS error code 74: Bad message"
"OS error code 75: Value too large for defined data type"
"OS error code 76: Name not unique on network"
"OS error code 77: File descriptor in bad state"
"OS error code 78: Remote address changed"
"OS error code 79: Can not access a needed shared library"
"OS error code 80: Accessing a corrupted shared library"
"OS error code 81: .lib section in a.out corrupted"
"OS error code 82: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
"OS error code 83: Cannot exec a shared library directly"
"OS error code 84: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
"OS error code 85: Interrupted system call should be restarted"
"OS error code 86: Streams pipe error"
"OS error code 87: Too many users"
"OS error code 88: Socket operation on non-socket"
"OS error code 89: Destination address required"
"OS error code 90: Message too long"
"OS error code 91: Protocol wrong type for socket"
"OS error code 92: Protocol not available"
"OS error code 93: Protocol not supported"
"OS error code 94: Socket type not supported"
"OS error code 95: Operation not supported"
"OS error code 96: Protocol family not supported"
"OS error code 97: Address family not supported by protocol"
"OS error code 98: Address already in use"
"OS error code 99: Cannot assign requested address"
"OS error code 100: Network is down"
"OS error code 101: Network is unreachable"
"OS error code 102: Network dropped connection on reset"
"OS error code 103: Software caused connection abort"
"OS error code 104: Connection reset by peer"
"OS error code 105: No buffer space available"
"OS error code 106: Transport endpoint is already connected"
"OS error code 107: Transport endpoint is not connected"
"OS error code 108: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
"OS error code 109: Too many references: cannot splice"
"OS error code 110: Connection timed out"
"OS error code 111: Connection refused"
"OS error code 112: Host is down"
"OS error code 113: No route to host"
"OS error code 114: Operation already in progress"
"OS error code 115: Operation now in progress"
"OS error code 116: Stale NFS file handle"
"OS error code 117: Structure needs cleaning"
"OS error code 118: Not a XENIX named type file"
"OS error code 119: No XENIX semaphores available"
"OS error code 120: Is a named type file"
"OS error code 121: Remote I/O error"
"OS error code 122: Disk quota exceeded"
"OS error code 123: No medium found"
"OS error code 124: Wrong medium type"
"OS error code 125: Operation canceled"
"OS error code 126: Required key not available"
"OS error code 127: Key has expired"
"OS error code 128: Key has been revoked"
"OS error code 129: Key was rejected by service"
"OS error code 130: Owner died"
"OS error code 131: State not recoverable"