引子
表值函数(table-valued function, TVF),顾名思义就是指返回值是一张表的函数,在Oracle、SQL Server等数据库中屡见不鲜。而在Flink的上一个稳定版本1.13中,社区通过FLIP-145提出了窗口表值函数(window TVF)的实现,用于替代旧版的窗口分组(grouped window)语法。
举个栗子,在1.13之前,我们需要写如下的Flink SQL语句来做10秒的滚动窗口聚合:
- SELECT TUMBLE_START(procTime, INTERVAL '10' SECONDS) AS window_start,merchandiseId,COUNT(1) AS sellCount
- FROM rtdw_dwd.kafka_order_done_log
- GROUP BY TUMBLE(procTime, INTERVAL '10' SECONDS),merchandiseId;
在1.13版本中,则可以改写成如下的形式:
- SELECT window_start,window_end,merchandiseId,COUNT(1) AS sellCount
- FROM TABLE( TUMBLE(TABLE rtdw_dwd.kafka_order_done_log, DESCRIPTOR(procTime), INTERVAL '10' SECONDS) )
- GROUP BY window_start,window_end,merchandiseId;
根据设计文档的描述,窗口表值函数的思想来自2019年的SIGMOD论文<<One SQL to Rule Them All>>,而表值函数属于SQL 2016标准的一部分。Calcite从1.25版本起也开始提供对滚动窗口和滑动窗口TVF的支持。除了标准化、易于实现之外,窗口TVF还支持旧版语法所不具备的一些特性,如Local-Global聚合优化、Distinct解热点优化、Top-N支持、GROUPING SETS
语法等。
接下来本文简单探究一下基于窗口TVF的聚合逻辑,以及对累积窗口TVF做一点简单的改进。
SQL定义
窗口TVF函数的类图如下所示。
Flink SQL在Calcite原生的SqlWindowTableFunction
的基础上加了指示窗口时间的三列,即window_start
、window_end
和window_time
。SqlWindowTableFunction
及其各个实现类的主要工作是校验TVF的操作数是否合法(通过内部抽象类AbstractOperandMetadata
和对应的子类OperandMetadataImpl
)。这一部分不再赘述,在下文改进累积窗口TVF的代码中会涉及到。
物理计划
如果看官对Calcite基础概念和Flink SQL的执行流程不了解,请务必先参考上一篇文章<<From Calcite to Tampering with Flink SQL>>。
目前窗口TVF不能单独使用,需要配合窗口聚合或Top-N一起使用。以上文中的聚合为例,观察其执行计划如下。
- EXPLAIN
- SELECT window_start,window_end,merchandiseId,COUNT(1) AS sellCount
- FROM TABLE( TUMBLE(TABLE rtdw_dwd.kafka_order_done_log, DESCRIPTOR(procTime), INTERVAL '10' SECONDS) )
- GROUP BY window_start,window_end,merchandiseId;
-
- == Abstract Syntax Tree ==
- LogicalAggregate(group=[{0, 1, 2}], sellCount=[COUNT()])
- +- LogicalProject(window_start=[$48], window_end=[$49], merchandiseId=[$10])
- +- LogicalTableFunctionScan(invocation=[TUMBLE($47, DESCRIPTOR($47), 10000:INTERVAL SECOND)], rowType=[RecordType(BIGINT ts, /* ...... */, TIMESTAMP_LTZ(3) *PROCTIME* procTime, TIMESTAMP(3) window_start, TIMESTAMP(3) window_end, TIMESTAMP_LTZ(3) *PROCTIME* window_time)])
- +- LogicalProject(ts=[$0], /* ...... */, procTime=[PROCTIME()])
- +- LogicalTableScan(table=[[hive, rtdw_dwd, kafka_order_done_log]])
-
- == Optimized Physical Plan ==
- Calc(select=[window_start, window_end, merchandiseId, sellCount])
- +- WindowAggregate(groupBy=[merchandiseId], window=[TUMBLE(time_col=[procTime], size=[10 s])], select=[merchandiseId, COUNT(*) AS sellCount, start('w$) AS window_start, end('w$) AS window_end])
- +- Exchange(distribution=[hash[merchandiseId]])
- +- Calc(select=[merchandiseId, PROCTIME() AS procTime])
- +- TableSourceScan(table=[[hive, rtdw_dwd, kafka_order_done_log]], fields=[ts, /* ...... */])
-
- == Optimized Execution Plan ==
- Calc(select=[window_start, window_end, merchandiseId, sellCount])
- +- WindowAggregate(groupBy=[merchandiseId], window=[TUMBLE(time_col=[procTime], size=[10 s])], select=[merchandiseId, COUNT(*) AS sellCount, start('w$) AS window_start, end('w$) AS window_end])
- +- Exchange(distribution=[hash[merchandiseId]])
- +- Calc(select=[merchandiseId, PROCTIME() AS procTime])
- +- TableSourceScan(table=[[hive, rtdw_dwd, kafka_order_done_log]], fields=[ts, /* ...... */])
在Flink SQL规则集中,与如上查询相关的规则按顺序依次是:
- ConverterRule:
StreamPhysicalWindowTableFunctionRule
该规则将调用窗口TVF的逻辑节点(即调用SqlWindowTableFunction
的LogicalTableFunctionScan
节点)转化为物理节点(StreamPhysicalWindowTableFunction
)。 - ConverterRule:
StreamPhysicalWindowAggregateRule
该规则将含有window_start
、window_end
字段的逻辑聚合节点FlinkLogicalAggregate
转化为物理的窗口聚合节点StreamPhysicalWindowAggregate
以及其上的投影StreamPhysicalCalc
。在有其他分组字段的情况下,还会根据FlinkRelDistribution#hash
生成StreamPhysicalExchange
节点。 - RelOptRule:
PullUpWindowTableFunctionIntoWindowAggregateRule
顾名思义,该规则将上面两个规则产生的RelNode进行整理,消除代表窗口TVF的物理节点,并将它的语义上拉至聚合节点中,形成最终的物理计划。
然后,StreamPhysicalWindowAggregate
节点翻译成StreamExecWindowAggregate
节点,进入执行阶段。
切片化窗口与执行
笔者在很久之前曾写过一篇《Flink滑动窗口原理与细粒度滑动窗口的性能问题》,其中提到粒度太碎的滑动窗口会使得状态和Timer膨胀,比较危险,应该用滚动窗口+在线存储+读时聚合的方法代替。社区在设计窗口TVF聚合时显然考虑到了这点,提出了切片化窗口(sliced window)的概念,并以此为基础设计了一套与DataStream API Windowing不同的窗口机制。
如下图的累积窗口所示,每两条纵向虚线之间的部分就是一个切片(slice)。
切片的本质就是将滑动/累积窗口化为滚动窗口,并尽可能地复用中间计算结果,降低状态压力。自然地,前文所述的Local-Global聚合优化、Distinct解热点优化就都可以无缝应用了。
那么,切片是如何分配的呢?答案是通过SliceAssigner
体系,其类图如下。
可见,对于滚动窗口而言,一个窗口就是一个切片;而对滑动/累积窗口而言,一个窗口可能包含多个切片,一个切片也可能位于多个窗口中。所以共享切片的窗口要特别注意切片的过期与合并。以负责累积窗口的CumulativeSliceAssigner
为例,对应的逻辑如下。
- @Override
- public Iterable<Long> expiredSlices(long windowEnd) {
- long windowStart = getWindowStart(windowEnd);
- long firstSliceEnd = windowStart + step;
- long lastSliceEnd = windowStart + maxSize;
- if (windowEnd == firstSliceEnd) {
- // we share state in the first slice, skip cleanup for the first slice
- reuseExpiredList.clear();
- } else if (windowEnd == lastSliceEnd) {
- // when this is the last slice,
- // we need to cleanup the shared state (i.e. first slice) and the current slice
- reuseExpiredList.reset(windowEnd, firstSliceEnd);
- } else {
- // clean up current slice
- reuseExpiredList.reset(windowEnd);
- }
- return reuseExpiredList;
- }
-
- @Override
- public void mergeSlices(long sliceEnd, MergeCallback callback) throws Exception {
- long windowStart = getWindowStart(sliceEnd);
- long firstSliceEnd = windowStart + step;
- if (sliceEnd == firstSliceEnd) {
- // if this is the first slice, there is nothing to merge
- reuseToBeMergedList.clear();
- } else {
- // otherwise, merge the current slice state into the first slice state
- reuseToBeMergedList.reset(sliceEnd);
- }
- callback.merge(firstSliceEnd, reuseToBeMergedList);
- }
可见,累积窗口的中间结果会被合并到第一个切片中。窗口未结束时,除了第一个切片之外的其他切片触发后都会过期。
实际处理切片化窗口的算子名为SlicingWindowOperator
,它实际上是SlicingWindowProcessor
的简单封装。SlicingWindowProcessor
的体系如下。
SlicingWindowProcessor
的三个重要组成部分分别是:
-
WindowBuffer
:在托管内存区域分配的窗口数据缓存,避免在窗口未实际触发时高频访问状态; -
WindowValueState
:窗口的状态,其schema为[key, window_end, accumulator]
。窗口结束时间作为窗口状态的命名空间(namespace); -
NamespaceAggsHandleFunction
:通过代码生成器AggsHandlerCodeGenerator
生成的聚合函数体。注意它并不是一个AggregateFunction
,但是大致遵循其规范。
每当一条数据到来时,调用AbstractWindowAggProcessor#processElement()
方法,比较容易理解了。
- @Override
- public boolean processElement(RowData key, RowData element) throws Exception {
- long sliceEnd = sliceAssigner.assignSliceEnd(element, clockService);
- if (!isEventTime) {
- // always register processing time for every element when processing time mode
- windowTimerService.registerProcessingTimeWindowTimer(sliceEnd);
- }
- if (isEventTime && isWindowFired(sliceEnd, currentProgress, shiftTimeZone)) {
- // the assigned slice has been triggered, which means current element is late,
- // but maybe not need to drop
- long lastWindowEnd = sliceAssigner.getLastWindowEnd(sliceEnd);
- if (isWindowFired(lastWindowEnd, currentProgress, shiftTimeZone)) {
- // the last window has been triggered, so the element can be dropped now
- return true;
- } else {
- windowBuffer.addElement(key, sliceStateMergeTarget(sliceEnd), element);
- // we need to register a timer for the next unfired window,
- // because this may the first time we see elements under the key
- long unfiredFirstWindow = sliceEnd;
- while (isWindowFired(unfiredFirstWindow, currentProgress, shiftTimeZone)) {
- unfiredFirstWindow += windowInterval;
- }
- windowTimerService.registerEventTimeWindowTimer(unfiredFirstWindow);
- return false;
- }
- } else {
- // the assigned slice hasn't been triggered, accumulate into the assigned slice
- windowBuffer.addElement(key, sliceEnd, element);
- return false;
- }
- }
而当切片需要被合并时,先从WindowValueState
中取出已有的状态,再遍历切片,并调用NamespaceAggsHandleFunction#merge()
方法进行合并,最后更新状态。
- @Override
- public void merge(@Nullable Long mergeResult, Iterable<Long> toBeMerged) throws Exception {
- // get base accumulator
- final RowData acc;
- if (mergeResult == null) {
- // null means the merged is not on state, create a new acc
- acc = aggregator.createAccumulators();
- } else {
- RowData stateAcc = windowState.value(mergeResult);
- if (stateAcc == null) {
- acc = aggregator.createAccumulators();
- } else {
- acc = stateAcc;
- }
- }
- // set base accumulator
- aggregator.setAccumulators(mergeResult, acc);
- // merge slice accumulators
- for (Long slice : toBeMerged) {
- RowData sliceAcc = windowState.value(slice);
- if (sliceAcc != null) {
- aggregator.merge(slice, sliceAcc);
- }
- }
- // set merged acc into state if the merged acc is on state
- if (mergeResult != null) {
- windowState.update(mergeResult, aggregator.getAccumulators());
- }
- }
看官若要观察codegen出来的聚合函数的代码,可在log4j.properties文件中加上:
- logger.codegen.name = org.apache.flink.table.runtime.generated
- logger.codegen.level = DEBUG
一点改进
我司有很多天级聚合+秒级触发的Flink作业,在DataStream API时代多由ContinuousProcessingTimeTrigger
实现,1.13版本之前的SQL则需要添加table.exec.emit.early-fire
系列参数。正式采用1.13版本后,累积窗口(cumulate window)完美契合此类需求。但是,有些作业的key规模比较大,在一天的晚些时候会频繁向下游Redis刷入大量数据,造成不必要的压力。因此,笔者对累积窗口TVF做了略有侵入的小改动,通过一个布尔参数INCREMENTAL
可控制只输出切片之间发生变化的聚合结果。操作很简单:
- 修改
SqlCumulateTableFunction
函数的签名,以及配套的窗口参数类CumulativeWindowSpec
等; - 修改
SliceSharedWindowAggProcess#fireWindow()
方法,如下。
- @Override
- public void fireWindow(Long windowEnd) throws Exception {
- sliceSharedAssigner.mergeSlices(windowEnd, this);
- // we have set accumulator in the merge() method
- RowData aggResult = aggregator.getValue(windowEnd);
- if (!isWindowEmpty()) {
- if (sliceSharedAssigner instanceof CumulativeSliceAssigner
- && ((CumulativeSliceAssigner) sliceSharedAssigner).isIncremental()) {
- RowData stateValue = windowState.value(windowEnd);
- if (stateValue == null || !stateValue.equals(aggResult)) {
- collect(aggResult);
- }
- } else {
- collect(aggResult);
- }
- }
- // we should register next window timer here,
- // because slices are shared, maybe no elements arrived for the next slices
- // ......
- }
具体可参见这个commit。当然,此方案会带来访问状态的overhead,后续会做极限压测以观察性能,并做适当修改。
The End
民那晚安晚安。