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如果用数学库中的sin和cos函数计算,可能涉及浮点、乘法、除法运算,运行速率较低。这里介绍一种正余弦查表算法。
首先我们知道正弦和余弦的函数值差了90°,所以查表数据只需要保存正弦或者余弦的结果即可。待计算的角度范围为[0,2π],我们只需要保存的角度,其它象限的角度通过三角函数公式变换一下即可。
(1)正余弦表格生成
第一步当然是保存范围内正余弦函数的值,保存的越多计算结果越精确,但又消耗更多的存储空间。在STM32电机库中采用int16类型表示角度,其中(0,32767]表示(0°,180°],[-32768,0]表示(180°,360°],同时为了避免浮点运算,这里采用Q15格式表示角度。之所以是Q15是因为保存的是 范围内正余弦函数的值,后续转换到别的象限还有正负号,故最后求出来的正余弦值也可以用int16范围变量表示。
这里将范围内的角度细分为256份,整个周期就细分了1024份。故将保存为表格,正余弦结果表格生成程序如下
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <math.h>
- #define NUM 256
- #define PI 3.1415926535898f
-
- int main()
- {
- int i;
- for(i = 0; i < NUM; i++)
- {
- printf("0x%04X,", (unsigned short)((sin(PI/2*i/NUM)) * 32768));
- if((i+1) % 8==0)
- {
- putchar('\n');
- }
- }
- return 0;
- }
(2)索引获取
输入的角度为int16范围的hAngle,作如下处理,求对应角度的索引:
- int32_t shindex;
- uint16_t uhindex;
- shindex = ( ( int32_t )32768 + ( int32_t )hAngle );
- uhindex = ( uint16_t )shindex;
- uhindex /= ( uint16_t )64;
shindex是一个包含四个象限范围的值,将四个象限共细分为=65536份,每个象限有个数,但基于存储空间考虑,在前面生成的正余弦表中,我们将一个象限细分为256份,则四个象限共细分为1024份,所以除以,这样就把用户输入的int16_t范围的角度转到了1024内。此时可以根据最高两位判断角度所在的象限,同时将这个数取余256,就是该角度所对应在正余弦表中的索引。
(3)判断角度范围
前面代码中,将int16的角度转为正数,是因为后面要根据我们实际定义的数组大小缩放得到索引,但这样四个象限的顺序乱了,所以需要判断角度的范围。此时[0,32768)表示(180°,360°],(32768,65535]表示[0,180°) ,前面又除以了一个64,故十进制数范围和其对应的角度范围如下表所示:
十进制数范围 | 角度范围 |
(0,256) | (180°,270°) |
(256,512) | (270°,360°) |
(512,768) | (0°,90°) |
(768,1024) | (90°,180°) |
故角度和SIN_MASK相与,判断最高两位就可以知道输入角度的范围。
- #define SIN_MASK 0x0300u
- #define U0_90 0x0200u
- #define U90_180 0x0300u
- #define U180_270 0x0000u
- #define U270_360 0x0100u
(4)查表求角度
由于前面建立的表中角度是(0°,90°)范围内的,所以根据三角函数公式转换其它象限的角度到这个范围内即可求出。下面代码中将uint16类型的变量uhindex强制转化为uint8范围,实际上就是对256取余,等价于uhindex % 256,就是所求角度在数组中的索引。
- switch ( ( uint16_t )( uhindex ) & SIN_MASK )
- {
- case U0_90:
- Local_Components.hSin = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- Local_Components.hCos = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- break;
-
- case U90_180:
- Local_Components.hSin = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- Local_Components.hCos = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- break;
-
- case U180_270:
- Local_Components.hSin = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- Local_Components.hCos = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- break;
-
- case U270_360:
- Local_Components.hSin = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- Local_Components.hCos = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- break;
- default:
- break;
- }
- #define int16_t short
- #define uint8_t unsigned char
- #define uint16_t unsigned short
- #define int32_t unsigned int
-
- #define SIN_COS_TABLE {\
- 0x0000,0x00C9,0x0192,0x025B,0x0324,0x03ED,0x04B6,0x057F,\
- 0x0648,0x0711,0x07D9,0x08A2,0x096A,0x0A33,0x0AFB,0x0BC4,\
- 0x0C8C,0x0D54,0x0E1C,0x0EE3,0x0FAB,0x1072,0x113A,0x1201,\
- 0x12C8,0x138F,0x1455,0x151C,0x15E2,0x16A8,0x176E,0x1833,\
- 0x18F9,0x19BE,0x1A82,0x1B47,0x1C0B,0x1CCF,0x1D93,0x1E57,\
- 0x1F1A,0x1FDD,0x209F,0x2161,0x2223,0x22E5,0x23A6,0x2467,\
- 0x2528,0x25E8,0x26A8,0x2767,0x2826,0x28E5,0x29A3,0x2A61,\
- 0x2B1F,0x2BDC,0x2C99,0x2D55,0x2E11,0x2ECC,0x2F87,0x3041,\
- 0x30FB,0x31B5,0x326E,0x3326,0x33DF,0x3496,0x354D,0x3604,\
- 0x36BA,0x376F,0x3824,0x38D9,0x398C,0x3A40,0x3AF2,0x3BA5,\
- 0x3C56,0x3D07,0x3DB8,0x3E68,0x3F17,0x3FC5,0x4073,0x4121,\
- 0x41CE,0x427A,0x4325,0x43D0,0x447A,0x4524,0x45CD,0x4675,\
- 0x471C,0x47C3,0x4869,0x490F,0x49B4,0x4A58,0x4AFB,0x4B9D,\
- 0x4C3F,0x4CE0,0x4D81,0x4E20,0x4EBF,0x4F5D,0x4FFB,0x5097,\
- 0x5133,0x51CE,0x5268,0x5302,0x539B,0x5432,0x54C9,0x5560,\
- 0x55F5,0x568A,0x571D,0x57B0,0x5842,0x58D3,0x5964,0x59F3,\
- 0x5A82,0x5B0F,0x5B9C,0x5C28,0x5CB3,0x5D3E,0x5DC7,0x5E4F,\
- 0x5ED7,0x5F5D,0x5FE3,0x6068,0x60EB,0x616E,0x61F0,0x6271,\
- 0x62F1,0x6370,0x63EE,0x646C,0x64E8,0x6563,0x65DD,0x6656,\
- 0x66CF,0x6746,0x67BC,0x6832,0x68A6,0x6919,0x698B,0x69FD,\
- 0x6A6D,0x6ADC,0x6B4A,0x6BB7,0x6C23,0x6C8E,0x6CF8,0x6D61,\
- 0x6DC9,0x6E30,0x6E96,0x6EFB,0x6F5E,0x6FC1,0x7022,0x7083,\
- 0x70E2,0x7140,0x719D,0x71F9,0x7254,0x72AE,0x7307,0x735E,\
- 0x73B5,0x740A,0x745F,0x74B2,0x7504,0x7555,0x75A5,0x75F3,\
- 0x7641,0x768D,0x76D8,0x7722,0x776B,0x77B3,0x77FA,0x783F,\
- 0x7884,0x78C7,0x7909,0x794A,0x7989,0x79C8,0x7A05,0x7A41,\
- 0x7A7C,0x7AB6,0x7AEE,0x7B26,0x7B5C,0x7B91,0x7BC5,0x7BF8,\
- 0x7C29,0x7C59,0x7C88,0x7CB6,0x7CE3,0x7D0E,0x7D39,0x7D62,\
- 0x7D89,0x7DB0,0x7DD5,0x7DFA,0x7E1D,0x7E3E,0x7E5F,0x7E7E,\
- 0x7E9C,0x7EB9,0x7ED5,0x7EEF,0x7F09,0x7F21,0x7F37,0x7F4D,\
- 0x7F61,0x7F74,0x7F86,0x7F97,0x7FA6,0x7FB4,0x7FC1,0x7FCD,\
- 0x7FD8,0x7FE1,0x7FE9,0x7FF0,0x7FF5,0x7FF9,0x7FFD,0x7FFE}
- const int16_t hSin_Cos_Table[256] = SIN_COS_TABLE;
-
- #define SIN_MASK 0x0300u
- #define U0_90 0x0200u
- #define U90_180 0x0300u
- #define U180_270 0x0000u
- #define U270_360 0x0100u
-
-
- typedef struct
- {
- int16_t hCos;
- int16_t hSin;
- } Trig_Components;
-
-
- Trig_Components MCM_Trig_Functions( int16_t hAngle )
- {
-
- int32_t shindex;
- uint16_t uhindex;
- Trig_Components Local_Components;
- /* 10 bit index computation */
- shindex = ( ( int32_t )32768 + ( int32_t )hAngle );
- uhindex = ( uint16_t )shindex;
- uhindex /= ( uint16_t )64;
-
- switch ( ( uint16_t )( uhindex ) & SIN_MASK )
- {
- case U0_90:
- Local_Components.hSin = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- Local_Components.hCos = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- break;
-
- case U90_180:
- Local_Components.hSin = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- Local_Components.hCos = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- break;
-
- case U180_270:
- Local_Components.hSin = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- Local_Components.hCos = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- break;
-
- case U270_360:
- Local_Components.hSin = -hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( 0xFFu - ( uint8_t )( uhindex ) )];
- Local_Components.hCos = hSin_Cos_Table[( uint8_t )( uhindex )];
- break;
- default:
- break;
- }
- return ( Local_Components );
- }
注意事项
首先由于这个函数是基于Q15格式表示的角度来求正余弦的结果的,如果你想用上面的函数计算一个我们正常逻辑中0~360°定义的角度的正余弦的话,还需要将这个角度按比例转为定点的,这个过程又涉及到浮点,但我们这样做的目的本来就是为了避免这些浮点运算,因为CPU做浮点运算效率很低。所以在你的程序中,应该使用int16_t格式表示角度,即我们要有定点运算的思维,用定点的原因是浮点计算效率太低了。
比如在FOC中采用int16_t表示电角度,后续如果我想控制电机转到它的电角度45°的话,我们只需要设置位置环的目标值为8192即可,用定点并不会影响我们的应用效果。
另外需要注意的是,如果你想求一个数乘以cos或sin的结果的话,比如你想求`10*cos0 = 10`,在这个函数里得到的结果就是327670,所以得出来的结果应该右移15位才是你预期的结果。当然这里32767右移15位等于除以32768是有误差的,包括我们生成的表格中也有误差,但实际应用中,这个误差完全可以忽略。而且你表示角度的值越大,这个误差是越小的,所以对于你传进来的数,也可以考虑定点化为int16_t类型,这样两个数相乘的结果可以用int32_t保存,而且误差很小。
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